Mugham

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Jabbar Garyaghdioglu sings a mugham, accompanied by the long-necked lute tar and the spit fiddle, Kamantsche , 1930s

Mugham ( Azerbaijani : Muğam ) is a traditional Azerbaijani form of music that is based on a fixed, modal type of melody . At the same time, the mugham determines the type of melodic intervals , the rhythm and the performance practice of the singer and his instrumental accompanist. Mugham is not written down in a notation , but passed on from one generation to the next. Mugham was organized by the UNESCO in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity added.

Origins and Distribution

Mugham's origins lie in Persian and Arabic music and go back to the Middle Ages. Mugham is - albeit under different names - widespread in other Middle and Far Eastern regions from Transcaucasia to the Chinese Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The Uyghur in Xinjiang describe the music as Muqam, the Uzbeks to " Khwarazmian Maqam" as Alti-yarim Makom ( "six and a half Maqame"), the Tajiks as Schaschmaqam ( "six Maqame"), the Turks as Makam , the Arabs as Maqam and the Persians as Dastgah .

definition

The term mugham is ambiguous and ambiguous. According to the Azerbaijani composer Qara Qarayev , the word mugham describes a key, mode or scale on the one hand, and a multi-movement form with its own design principles on the other. A mugham contains composed and improvised elements.

“In terms of its shape, the Mugam is a cycle with the character of a suite or a rhapsody. Each of the Mugam parts is an improvisation that moves within the framework of the respective key in which the Mugam is in, and is based on the free use of melodic twists as they are characteristic of this key. Each following mugam part has a different supporting tone and unfolds in a higher sound range. The movements are divided by intermediates - Tasnif (an accompanying song) and Rjang (a dance instrumental episode) - […] […]. The performers strictly follow the complicated rules of this art form. But like all folklore, the Mugame belong to the orally transmitted musical tradition. This means that the Mugam intonations are constantly being renewed. "

- Alexandra Tichanova, 1979

Mugham is also the name for a trio that performs mugham music and consists of a singer and two musicians who typically play tar and kemençe .

There are twelve different types of main mugams and six voice mugams;

12 types of main mugame: Üschschaq, Näva, Busälik, Rast, Ärak, Isfahan, Siräfkänd, Büsürk, Sängülü, Rähavi, Hüseyni and Hijas.
6 types of voice mugame : Shahnas, Sägah, Tschahargah, Bayati-Shiraz, Schüschtär and Humayun.

Linking to other music

In 1908 Mugham was first integrated into opera music by the Azerbaijani composer Üzeyir Hacıbəyov , who wrote the book Principles of Azerbaijani Folk Music . Fikrət Əmirov wrote three Mugamen for large orchestra, in which he combined features of traditional Mugham music with the European tradition of symphonic music. A connection between mugham and jazz was created in the 1960s and 1970s by the composer and pianist Vaqif Mustafazadə, also from Azerbaijan, and his daughter, Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, from the 1990s . Other contemporary representatives of mugham music include the composer Frangis Ali-Sade and the Kamantsche player Rauf Islamov .

Azerbaijani Muggle music was also used by filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky in his film Stalker .

Web links

Commons : Mugham  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Explanations

  1. ↑ elsewhere also rank , Reng or Räng written