Ergot in medical history

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The ergot ( ergot ) was used at least since the second half of the 15th century in the Obstetrics and Gynecology:

year author Quote
1474 Unknown

“For the belf mother. Item for the grandmother or grandmother.
Nym lorper wurcz vnd weydwurcz rocking muter puffed vnd yn wine drunk warm. "

- Unknown author : Codex palatinus germanicus 545 , sheet 70v
1582 Adam Lonitzer

“Rye or grain, silage. … Nota: From the corn cones / Latine Claui Siliginis. One finds offtmals the ähern dess Rockens or grain long schwartze hard narrow Zapffen / Sun beneben is vnd between the Korn / so in the ähern / herauß grow / and to long herauß do / how long Negelin view / seind innwendig white / as the grain / and they are harmful to the grain. Such cones are considered by the women to be a special help and rate Artzney for the nurturing and hurting of the mother / "to nibble and eat the same three times."

- Adam Lonitzer : Kreuterbuch… Frankfurt 1582
1586 Joachim Camerarius the Younger

"Grain. Rock. ... One often finds long black grains on the approximations / which are inwardly white ſeyn / next to the other good grains / in many places it is called death's head / and it is malformed like the brandy / those held under the tongue / make the bleed. "

- Joachim Camerarius the Younger : Extended Herbal Book by PA Mattioli. Frankfurt am Main 1586, sheet 109v
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the terms “permutter”, “heffmutter” (manuscript 1474) and “auffiegen und wehethumb der mutter” (Lonitzer 1582) referred to the uterus and painful menstrual bleeding , but also general colic-like pain in the lower abdomen.
United Pharmacopoeia 1827. Secale cornutum

The therapeutic use of ergot was initially restricted to folk medicine, that is, to midwifery.

In 1774 Antoine Parmentier had a letter printed in the Journal de Physique to prove the harmlessness of ergot , which he had received from Madame Dupille, a midwife from Chaumont-en-Vexin . She told him that she and her mother gave peeled ergot in the amount of a thimble in water, wine or bouillon to those who were sick. The prerequisite was that the child was already well presented , but the contractions were too weak . After taking the remedy, a gentle birth occurred within a quarter of an hour. Side effects were never observed. The French doctor Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831) reported in 1818 that he had met a midwife in Lyon in 1777 who successfully used ergot to treat contractions and that he had successfully used this remedy at least 20 times over six years and without it Side effects applied. He also observed that other midwives in the Lyon area were using ergot for weak contractions. They carried an emergency bag with them, in which, in addition to the umbilical scissors and other instruments, they also had a sachet filled with ergot.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the members of the North American eclectic school studied all folk remedies, including ergot. In 1807, John Stearns in Saratoga County wrote to a friend that he had been prescribing ergot powder for several years in patients with low labor problems. To do this, he boiled half a drachm (approx. 2 g) of the powder in half a pint (approx. 240 cm³) of water and gave a third of it every 20 minutes until the contractions began. From 1808 onwards, Oliver Prescott also used ergot in obstetrics, and he, too, found that it intensified labor. In a paper published in 1813, he analyzed in detail the indications and contraindications for a therapeutic use of the agent.

In 1817, the effects and side effects of ergot were still controversial in Germany. Secale cornutum was included in the fifth edition of the Prussian Pharmacopoeia from 1827. By 1843 at the latest, its possible therapeutic effects were fully recognized and precisely described. In the 1880s, the German pharmacologist Rudolf Kobert was one of the researchers into ergot preparations.

19th century sources on ergot therapy

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Koehler's medicinal plants . 1887, volume 2, no 165
  2. ↑ Knud O. Møller. Pharmacology as the theoretical basis of rational pharmacotherapy . Benno Schwabe, Basel 1953, p. 371
  3. ↑ In the 15th century the names belf muter , heffmutter and permutter refer to menstrual cramps (“The uterus rises up and creates pain in the abdomen.”) But also general pain in the abdomen in women and men, in young and old. Matthias Lexer. Concise Middle High German dictionary. Ber-muoter ... uterus, colica ... (digitized)
  4. ↑ = laurel spice (laurel fruits from real laurel ).
  5. ↑ = weyswurcz = roots of white diptame or white root . Cpg 545, sheet 51v:… for wetag der zend item Nim diptanum knows wurcz So you do zende wee so wearily on your body So ​​forget it from (digitized) . Cpg 545, sheet 75v: The antzlucz already to be made Item Nÿm pan plued water white liligen water roses water same vnd nÿm aram vnd Weisswurcz ( Diptam or multi-flowered white root) vnd you want to morser and Nÿm the juice thu the water and juice sam vnd nym Canffer vnd crush the small and thue yn to vnd burn it elsewhere on the burner hat the louder behalcz ym glass covered and wash yourself with so a zirlich win already vntter the eyes and it drives mail and shouts ( Digitized)
  6. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 116v: Von wiß wurtz water. Wyß wurtz water / the krut from the Latin sigillum salomonis and from the tütschen wyß wurtz called / but so Würt often wysser diptam vmb syner wyssen roots sake also from the tütschen wyß wurtz called / but that is wrong. ... digital-sammlungen.de
  7. ↑ Cod. Pal. germ. 545, sheet 70v (digitized version )
  8. ↑ Adam Lonitzer. Kreuterbuch… Egenolff, Frankfurt 1582, sheet CCLXXXVr ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A11200293_00589~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ). In the 1578 edition (digitized version) , ergot is not yet mentioned.
  9. ↑ PA Mattioli's herbal book expanded by J. Camerarius. Frankfurt am Main 1586, sheet 109v, (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Georg Handsch published the first German translation of this book in Prague in 1563.
  11. ↑ Rudolf Wolkan: Handsch, Georg. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. 1904. (digitized version)
  12. ^ FWE Roth: The herbal book of PA Matthiolus 1563-1586. In: Archives for the history of natural sciences and technology. 2, 1910, pp. 517-521, The Herbal Book of PA Matthiolus 1563-1586
  13. ^ Matthias Lexer: Middle High German Concise Dictionary . Ber-muoter ... uterus, colica ... (digitized)
  14. ↑ Journal de Physique, 1774, pp. 144–155 (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751-1831). Sur la propriété qu'a le Seigle ergoté d'accélérer la marche de l'accouchement, et de hâter sa terminaison . In: Nouveau Journal de Médecine , Paris, I (1818), pp. 54–61 (digitized version )
  16. ↑ John Stearns . Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth . In: The Medical Repository , New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), p. 308–309 (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Oliver Prescott : A dissertation on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum, or ergot. Boston 1813 (digitized)
  18. ^ Rudolf Kobert: To the history of the mother grain. In: Historical studies from the Pharmacological Institute of the Imperial University of Dorpat. Volume 1, Halle 1889, pp. 1-47 (7-8). (Digitized version)
  19. ↑ John Stearns . Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth . In: The Medical Repository , New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), pp. 308–309 (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Oliver Prescott : A dissertation on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum, or ergot. Boston 1813 (digitized)
  21. ↑ Jacob Bigelow . On the clavus or ergot of rye and other plants . In: The New England journal of medicine and surgery , V (1816), pp. 156-164 (digitized version )
  22. ^ On ergot in labor . In: The New England journal of medicine and surgery , V (1816), p. 164 (digitized version)
  23. ^ Henry S. Waterhouse. Remarks on the effects of ergot in causing the winter epidemic . In: The New England journal of medicine and surgery , V (1816), p. 235 (digitized version) . Henry S. Waterhouse. A singular case of puerperal convulsion, successfully treated with the ergot . In: The New England journal of medicine and surgery , V (1816), p. 248 (digitized version)
  24. ↑ William T. Wenzell. An essay on the active constituents of ergot of rye . In: The American Journal of Pharmacy , XXIV (1829), pp. 193–202 (digitized version )
  25. ^ The Dispensatory of the United States of America , third edition Philadelphia 1836, p. 585 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Dr. Henrichsen in Markgröningen near Ludwigsburg. Something about the power of the ergot that promotes labor. In: Hufelands Journal of Practical Medicine. Volume 45, 1817, V, pp. 94-100 (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751-1831). Sur la propriété qu'a le Seigle ergoté d'accélérer la marche de l'accouchement, et de hâter sa terminaison . In: Nouveau Journal de Médecine , Paris, I (1818), pp. 54–61 (digitized version ) --- Jean-Baptiste Desgranges. Observations et remarques pratiques sur l'administration du seigle ergoté contre l'inertie de la matrice dans les parturitions; suivis de quelques réflexions sur l'emploi des lavements mercuriels dans le traitement de la syphilis chez les nouveaux-nés . Montpellier 1822. --- Amédée Dechambre (Ed.). Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales . Series 1, Volume 28, G. Masson & P. ​​Asselin, Paris 1883, p. 297 (digitized version) --- Ernst Julius Gurlt and August Hirsch (Eds.). Biographies of the outstanding physicians of all times and peoples . Volume II, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Vienna and Leipzig 1885, p. 163 (digitized version)
  28. ↑ W. Diez (under the presidium of Ferdinand Gottlob Gmelin ): Experiments on the effects of ergot on the animal organism and how it is formed. Osiander, Tübingen 1831, pp. 71–72, (digitized version)
  29. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, pp. 39-55 (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen . Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume 4, No 303 (digitized version)
  31. ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, S, 520–521 Alkaloids of ergot ( digitized version )
  32. ↑ Hermann Hager . Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica. Julius Springer, Berlin Volume II (1874), p. 661 (digitized version)
  33. ^ Theodor Husemann. Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2 volumes, Springer, Berlin 1873–1875, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883 Volume II, pp. 1195–1205 (digitized version )
  34. ^ Mathieu Orfila . Traité des poisons tirés des règnes mineral, végetal et animal, ou toxilogie générale, considérée sous les rapports de la physiologie, de la pathologie et de la médecine légale . Crochard, Paris 1814-1815. Volume II, Part 2, 1815, pp. 71–75 ( digitized version) http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10287908_00083~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D--- Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt (translator). General toxicology or poison science: in which the poisons of the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms from the physiological, pathological and similar. medico-judicial aspects are examined. After the French of Mr. MP Orfila . Amelung, Berlin 1818, Volume IV, p. 91 (No 967) ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10287914_00099~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D )
  35. ^ JB Henkel (translator). Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . Handbook of poison science for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom , p. 194 206 (digital copy )
  36. ↑ Albert Braune (adaptation). AT Thomson's United Pharmacopoeia of the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Medicinal Colleges: based on the fifth original edition, and as an overview of the British pharmacology, with additions . Fleischer, Leipzig 1827, p. 293 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10288851_00305~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D )
  37. ↑ Prussian Pharmacopoeia . Fifth edition (1827). Translation of the Latin original. CF Plahn, Berlin 1829, p. 284 (digitized version)
  38. ^ CH Pfaff (editor). Pharmacopoea Slesvico-Holsatica, regia auctoritate et sub auspiciis Collegii Regii Sanitatis Slesvico-Holsatici Kiel 1831, p. 123 (digitized version )
  39. ^ The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America. By authority of the National Medical Convention. Held at Washington, AD 1830 , Philadelphia 1831, p. 23 (digitized version)
  40. ↑ Pharmacopoea Hannoverana nova Hannover 1833, p. 121 (digitized version)
  41. ^ Pharmacopoeia Austriaca. Editio quarta Vienna 1836, p. 39 (digitized version)
  42. ↑ Pharmacopoea Badensis Heidelberg 1841, p. 71 (digitized version)
  43. ↑ Pharmacopoea Germanica. R. von Decker, Berlin 1872, p. 297 (digitized version)