Nadschmuddin Ayyub
Nadschmuddin Ayyub ibn Schadhi ( Arabic نجم الدين أيوب بن شاذي, DMG Naǧmu d-Dīn Aiyūb b. Šāḏī ); ( Epithet : al-Malik al-Afdal Nadschm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Schadhi ibn Marwan /الملك ألأفضل نجم الدين أيوب بن شاذي بن مروان / al-Malik al-Afḍal Naǧmu d-Dīn Aiyūb b. Šāḏī b. Marwān ; † August 9, 1173 ) was a Kurdish soldier and politician from Dwin , father of Saladin and namesake of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Surname
The name Ayyub is the Arabic form of the Hebrew Job . Nadschmuddin means something like star of faith.
Life
He was the son of Schadhi bin Marwan and brother of the shirkuh . His family belonged to the Eşiret of the Rawadids , who in turn were a branch of the Hadhabanids. His family held high positions within the Kurdish dynasty of the Shaddadids in what is now the South Caucasus . When the last ruler of the Shaddadids was ousted in 1130, his father and his family moved first to Baghdad and then to Tikrit . In Tikrit, his father became the city's governor. When his father died, Nadschmuddin Ayyub followed him in office.
From 1132 at the latest, he served Zengi , the Atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo ( Zengid dynasty), and took part in a battle against the Great Seljuks near Tikrit. He saved Zengi's life when he withdrew with his army across the Tigris . His brother Schirkuh killed a Christian in a dispute in 1136, whereupon he and Nadschmuddin Ayyub Tikrit had to leave. It is said that Saladin was born that night. Nadschmuddin Ayyub became the new Zengid governor of Baalbek . When Zengi died in 1146, the Atabeg of Damascus , Mu'in ad-Din Unur ( Burid dynasty), took the opportunity to besiege Baalbek. Nadschmuddin Ayyub finally handed over the city to him; for this he received a cash pension and a fief and settled in Damascus. In 1151 at the latest, Nadschmuddin Ayyub seems to have regained power as the Zengid governor of Baalbek.
Shirkuh meanwhile helped Zengi's second son, Nur ad-Din , to seize power in Aleppo. Soon, the Buridians had to reluctantly ally themselves with Nur ad-Din in order to withstand the siege of Damascus during the Second Crusade in 1148. In return, Nur al-Din claimed Damascus for itself. In 1154 he succeeded in taking this city, whereupon he installed Nadschmuddin Ayyub as the new governor of Damascus.
His son Saladin also entered the service of the Zengids and was soon sent to Egypt with Shirkuh . In 1169 Schirkuh succeeded in taking over the de facto power as a vizier in the Fatimid caliphate of Egypt. When Shirkuh died in the same year, Saladin succeeded him as vizier of Egypt. In 1170, Nadschmuddin Ayyub also went to Egypt, where Saladin died in 1171 as the Fatimid caliph al-ʿĀdid , whose dynasty overthrew and secured rulership over Egypt for himself. Saladin offered his father rule over all of Egypt, but Nadschmuddin Ayyub refused and was enfeoffed with Alexandria , Damiette and al-Buhaira . Although Saladin and Nadschmuddin Ayyub were formally vassals of Nur ad-Din, the latter soon realized that a new rival was emerging for him with the Ayyubids in Egypt. In public, Nadschmuddin Ayyub sided with Nur ad-Din, but warned his son that Nur ad-Din would never leave Egypt to him.
death
On July 31, 1173 he suffered a serious riding accident and died of his injuries on August 9. At that time, Saladin was on the orders of Nur ad-Din to march with the latter against the Kingdom of Jerusalem . But he returned when he heard of his father's death. Tensions between Saladin and Nur ad-Din grew. The expected conflict between Saladin and Nur ad-Din did not occur, as Nur ad-Din died in May 1174. Saladin then made himself the new ruler over Egypt and Syria.
According to Baha ad-Din, Nadschmuddin Ayyub was "a noble, generous man, mild and of excellent character". He was also "passionately obsessed with polo". Ibn al-Qalanisi calls him "a man of determination, intelligence and knowledge of matters".
He was first buried next to his brother Shirkuh in Cairo . In 1175 the graves were moved to Medina , where many pious Muslims are buried.
progeny
He had the following children:
- Nur ad-Din Shahanshah († 1148)
- Saladin (* 1137; † 1193)
- al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr Ahmad (* 1145; † 1218)
- al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Shams ad-Dawla Turanshah († 1180)
- Taj al-Muluk Abu Sa'id Buri († 1183)
- al-Malik al-'Aziz Sayf al-Islam Tughtekin († 1197)
- Unknown daughters
literature
- Baha ad-Din (Ed.): The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin . New edition Ashgate Books, Aldershot 2007, ISBN 978-0-7546-3381-5 (translated by Donald S. Richards).
- Ibn al-Qalanisi : The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades . New edition Dover Publications, Mineola, NY 2002, ISBN 0-486-42519-3 (translated by Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb ).
- Wladimir Minorsky : The Prehistory of Saladin . In: Ders .: Studies in Caucasian History . New edition Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1977, ISBN 0-521-05735-3 , pp. 124-132. ( here online ).
- Malcolm C. Lyons, David E. Jackson: Saladin. The Politics of the Holy War . New edition Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997, ISBN 0-521-58562-7 .
- Peter M. Holt: The Age of the Crusades. The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 . 8th edition Longman, London 1997, ISBN 0-582-49303-X .
Web links
- Nadsch ed-Din Aiyub at medieval-genealogie.de
- Nejm ed-Din Ayub at fmg.ac (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Abu l-Fida : Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) Historiens orientaux Volume 1, Paris 1872, p. 20.
- ↑ So Abu l-Fida: Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) Historiens orientaux Volume 1, Paris 1872, p. 27.
- ↑ So Steven Runciman : History of the Crusades. CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39960-6 , p. 640 f.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Nadschmuddin Ayyub |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Nadschmuddin Ayyub ibn Schadhi (full name); نجم الدين أيوب بن شاذي (Arabic); w = al-Malik al-Afdal Nadschm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Schadhi ibn Marwan (Arabic) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Zengid general and father of Saladin |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 11th century or 12th century |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 9, 1173 |