Negretzaunig

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Negretzaunig
Munchique Wood-Wren-Colombia S4E3862 (17166668302) .jpg

Negretzaunig ( Henicorhina negreti )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Henicorhina
Type : Negretzaunig
Scientific name
Henicorhina negreti
Salaman , Coopmans , Donegan , Mulligan , Cortés , Hilty & Ortega , 2003

The black wren ( Henicorhina negreti ) is a songbird species from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae). It was discovered by Steven Leon Hilty in the 1980s and scientifically described in 2003 . The type epithet honors the Colombian ornithologist and conservationist Álvaro José Negret (1949–1998).

features

The Negretzaunig reaches a body length of 10.8 to 11.7 cm and a weight of 15.2 to 16.7 g. It has a narrow, white stripe above the eyes . The reins , the back eye stripe and the ear covers are dull black. The cheek area is blackish with dull white to grayish white speckles. The top of the head is deep brown and blackish. The top is a little lighter brown. The outer flags of the hand and arm wings are brown with narrow black bands. The control feathers are brown with irregular black bands. The throat is white. The neck shows strong, black dashes. The chest is medium gray, the belly lighter gray, the flanks and the lower rump are brown. The lower abdomen and the middle area of ​​the flanks have irregular dark gray to blackish bandages. The iris is hazel brown, the bill black, the basal half of the lower mandible is lead gray. The legs are bluish slate gray. The Negro wren differs from the hermit wren ( Henicorhina leucophrys ) primarily in its banded lower abdomen. The sexes are similar. The juvenile birds are overall much darker than the adult birds, with gray-white stripes above the eyes, a dark soot-gray cheek region with only slightly lighter speckles and a dark gray throat with dark edges. The breast is a single color, dark soot gray. The flanks and the lower abdomen are dull brown and unbanded.

Vocalizations

The singing consists of repeated phrases of 6 to 12 pure notes, each phrase lasting approximately 2 seconds. A typical chant is reproduced with more than ten repeated phrases, but often shortened, and is very different from that of the hermit wren. The call consists of chirp tones similar to those of related species.

distribution

The distribution area extends on the Pacific slope of the Colombian West Andes, where the departments Chocó , Antioquia and Risaralda meet and in the Munchique massif in the departments of Valle del Cauca and Cauca .

habitat

Compared to the hermit wren, the net wren is evidently very specific in its habitat requirements. It occurs in the very moist, crippled, epiphytic cloud forest , which is characterized by an almost continuous cover of fog. It can be found at altitudes between 2250 and 2640 m. The Negretz Wren is ecologically clearly separated from the two sympatric subspecies of the hermit wren, of which the nominate form on the drier eastern slopes of the Munchique massif and the subspecies Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps on the more humid Pacific lagers, but at lower altitudes (where the fog blanket is much less prevalent the vegetation is generally higher) than the Negretzaunig occurs. In some areas, all three taxa occur within a radius of 1 km and breeding individuals of the subspecies Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps have been observed only 200 m away from specimens of the Negretzaunig.

Way of life

The examined stomach contents of the collected specimens contained only arthropods (Arthropoda), in particular beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera). The Negretzaunig usually goes in search of food 2 m above the forest floor, occasionally up to 4 m in height, in order to examine the epiphyte clusters. It has also been observed in mixed flocks with the rust wren ( Cinnycerthia olivascens ) and the golden- crowned wood warbler ( Myiothlypis coronata ), but only briefly when these species cross its territory.

Hazard and protection

When the Negretzaunig was described from the Munchique massif in Cauca in 2003, it was considered threatened with extinction. In 2004 a second population was discovered about 350 km north of La Mesenia in Antioquia and in 2008 at least five specimens were observed near the city of El Cairo between Valle del Cauca and Chocó. In the following years, the Negretzaunig was found in Páramo de Frontino (Antioquia), Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá (Risaralda), Farallones de Cali (Valle del Cauca) and Serranía del Pinche (Cauca). Despite this large increase in the known distribution area, the total population is estimated to be relatively small and declining.

The population density has been estimated to be 10 to 18 pairs per km², but could also be 100 to 200 pairs per km². Therefore, the number of adult birds on any populated area is likely to be very high. In view of the strict habitat requirements of the species and the obvious preference for extremely steep terrain, however, the populated areas are very localized within the range of the species. In the best case scenario, the total population is therefore 3500 to 15,000 individuals.

In order to be able to accurately assess the condition of the Pacific wet forest at suitable altitudes, detailed mappings as well as an estimate of the deforestation rate and field studies to determine the occurrence of the species in highly fragmented forests and to determine the actual altitude are required. In practice, although part of the species' range is nominally protected and located in Munchique National Park and Tambito Nature Reserve, deforestation for agriculture continues as there is no adequate monitoring and enforcement of legal requirements.

The construction of a road in the lower part of Munchique National Park caused several landslides in 1990 and enabled increasing human settlement. The narrow and specific ecological requirements could also make this wren susceptible to climate change. The Munchique area, which has several species with very limited distribution, was declared an Important Bird Area in 2008 .

2018 transferred IUCN to Negretzaunkönig of the category "threatened with extinction" ( critically endangered ) "at risk" category ( vulnerable ).

literature

  • Paul Salaman , Paul Coopmans , Thomas M. Donegan, Mark Mulligan, Alex Cortés, Steven L. Hilty , Luis Alfonso Ortega: A new species of Henicorhina wood-wren (Aves, Troglodytidae) from the Western Andes of Colombia. Ornitología Colombiana No. 1, December 2003, pp. 4–21 (English)
  • Niels Krabbe : A significant northward range extension of Munchique Wood-wren (Henicorhina negreti) in the western Andes of Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana No. 8, 2009, pp. 76-77 (English)
  • Luis Miguel Renjifo, María Fernanda Gómez, Jorge Velásquez-Tibatá, Ángela María Amaya-Villarreal, Gustavo H. Kattan, Juan David Amaya-Espinel, Jaime Burbano-Girón Libro rojo de las aves de Colombia , Volume 1: Bosques húmedos de los Andes y Costa Pacífica , Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana: Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá, 2014, pp. 284–287 (Spanish)
  • David Brewer: Birds new to Science. Fifty Years of Avian Discoveries , Christopher Helm, London, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4729-0628-1 . Pp. 288–289 (English)
  • Donald Kroodsma, David Brewer, Eduardo de Juana & Christopher J. Sharpe: Munchique Wood-wren (Henicorhina negreti). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, DA Christie & E. de Juana (eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, ​​2020, accessed January 25, 2020 (English, subscription required)

Web links

Commons : Henicorhina negreti  - collection of images, videos and audio files