Hermit wren

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Hermit wren
Gray-breasted Wood-Wren - Colombia S4E9753 (16982145839) .jpg

Hermit wren ( Henicorhina leucophrys )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Henicorhina
Type : Hermit wren
Scientific name
Henicorhina leucophrys
( Tschudi , 1844)

The Wood-Wren ( Henicorhina leucophrys ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae), in Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The hermit wren reaches a body length of about 10.0 to 11.5 cm with a weight of the males from about 15.2 to 18.8 g and the females from 15.5 to 18.2 g. He has long gray and white eye stripes and black rein and back eye stripes . The black ear covers are markedly dashed in gray and white. The top of the head is dyed matt black with white tips, the neck and shoulders are dark olive brown, the back and rump are chestnut-colored. The wings of the hand and arm wings have matt chestnut brown and dark brown stripes on the outer flags, the umbrella feathers are matt red brown with darker stripes. The control springs appear matte chestnut brown and have matte black bands. The chin and throat are whitish gray, the chest and belly gray, the sides and rear flanks grayish yellow-brown. The eyes are reddish brown, the beak black with a dark gray base on the lower mandible and dirty brown-black legs. Both sexes are similar. Young animals have less noticeable markings on their faces and their throats are gray.

Behavior and nutrition

The hermit wren feeds almost exclusively on invertebrates . So far, no vegetarian food has been proven. He looks for his food alone or in smaller, presumably family groups, in the strata from the ground to about two meters above the ground in the vegetation. It does not mix with other groups of birds, but can appear disturbed by groups passing by. Occasionally it stays in Costa Rica, in the Colombian and Venezuelan Andes near wandering ants .

Vocalizations

The song of the hermit wren is given either antiphonically by both sexes or by itself. It consists of a series of very loud, ringing, dynamic musical phrases which it repeats regularly and which sound longer and more complex than the forest wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta ( Cabanis , 1847)). Individual couples often develop a distinctive, unique motif. There are also geographical variations in the types of singing. This is what it sounds like in western Colombia with H. l. brunneiceps and in Costa Rica with H. l. collina clinker. The range between the nominate form and H. l. hilaris is unexpectedly large over the adjacent high altitudes with almost no alignment and different singing in the zones where they meet. These only sound tendentious like in the nominate form . In general, each phrase consists of three to six tones that last one to two seconds and are uttered three to five times at approximately one-second intervals between the phrases. These are shorter with greater excitement when z. B. replies to other conspecifics. The theme remains comparatively constant and can vary between singing rounds between wii tsia wai, wi tzi wea wai, waia tse we wehe, titelyi, trrlie tuihihihi, tiu hui . The hermit wren sings practically all year round, scattered throughout the day, regardless of the weather. Its sounds also vary a lot. A spicy tek-tek-tek is known in Mexico and a softer trriut-trriut-trriut from Costa Rica . The alarm call includes harsh, harsh chirping and cursing tones.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the hermit wren is in Oaxaca from early May to mid-June, in Costa Rica from late March to early June, in the Colombian Andes from December to June, in northwest Ecuador in December, January and June, in the northeast of the country in December and in the southeast in November. There may be several broods per year. Nestlings were observed in western Venezuela in May, in northwest Ecuador from April to May and in September and in the northeast from August to February. Birds in breeding mood have been reported in northern central Venezuela from April to June and in northern Peru in November. The nest is built by both sexes, has a spherical structure and a round chamber. The roof is inclined forwards and downwards, which is equivalent to a downward sloping antechamber. It is built from fibrous roots, clad with moss on the roof and the walls and is installed in relatively low vegetation up to about three meters above the ground. It can be found regularly on banks or overhangs. He also builds a sleeping nest that looks almost the same as the brood nest. A clutch consists of two unmarked white eggs measuring 18.9 to 20.3 mm × 14.0 to 14.3 mm. The incubation takes place exclusively by the female and takes 19 to 20 days. The chicks are fed by both sexes. The nestlings fledge after 17 to 18 days. He lives at least in northern central Venezuela for up to six years.

distribution and habitat

The hermit wren prefers moist mountain forests. It can be found in a wide variety of forest types, including pine and oak forests, bamboo thickets, and parts of páramo . Usually it occurs at altitudes above 1500 meters. In Venezuela and Colombia it is even present up to 3000 meters, but on the Colombian Pacific slopes down to 400 meters. On the Pacific slopes of the Andes in northwestern Peru it can be found down to 750 meters. In Mexico it occasionally occurs down to 600 meters.

migration

The hermit wren is considered a resident bird , but there are indications from Guatemala about migratory movements at high altitude during the rainy season.

Subspecies

Seventeen subspecies are known.

  • Henicorhina leucophrys minuscula Phillips, AR , 1966 occurs in western Mexico. This subspecies looks more matt on the upper side and has a more matt color on the top of the head.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys festiva Nelson , 1903 is widespread in southwest Mexico. The subspecies is more dull on the underside, the skull and neck are grayish brown.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys mexicana Nelson , 1897 occurs in eastern Mexico. The subspecies resembles H. l. capitalis , however, has stronger and more reddish flanks.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys castanea Ridgway , 1903 is widespread in the extreme south of Mexico and northern Guatemala. This subspecies is rather dark on the top and bottom, has thick throat strips and a small beak.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys capitalis Nelson , 1897 occurs in southern Mexico and western Guatemala. This subspecies is similar to H. l. collina looks less chestnut colored on the upper side and has a slate gray spot in the middle of the top of the head. The markings on the throat are blurred.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys composita Griscom , 1932 is common in El Salvador, Honduras and northwest Nicaragua. The subspecies resembles H. l. castanea , however, has paler cheeks.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys collina Bangs , 1902 occurs in Costa Rica and Panama. This subspecies is similar to H. l. castanea is paler on the back.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys bangsi Ridgway , 1903 is common in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 meters. This subspecies is pale on the underside, has a pale gray-white throat and chest.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys manastarae Aveledo & Ginés , 1952 is distributed in the Sierra de Perijá in northeast Colombia and northwest Venezuela. The subspecies resembles H. l. venezuelensis but the sides, thighs and tail-coverts are light brown in color.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys sanluisensis Phelps & Phelps Jr , 1959 occurs in Falcón . This subspecies is darker and brownish, less reddish in the back area and has a darker, more gray chest and rump area.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys venezuelensis Hellmayr , 1903 is widespread in northern Venezuela. This subspecies is similar to H. l. bangsi , but is darker gray on the chest and less reddish on the flanks.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys meridana Todd , 1932 is widespread from Trujillo to northern Táchira . This subspecies is abundantly striped on the throat and has a slate gray chest.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys tamae Zimmer, JT & Phelps , 1944 occurs in southwest Táchira and north-central Colombia. The subspecies has black stripes on the throat.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps Chapman , 1914 occurs in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. The subspecies has a stronger beak, is lighter on the upper side, more clearly striped on the throat and darker on the underside.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys hilaris Berlepsch & Taczanowski , 1884 is widespread in southwest Ecuador. This subspecies is paler in the front of the neck and chest.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys leucophrys ( Tschudi , 1844) occurs in eastern Panama in the mountains of the province of Darién , in central Colombia, central & eastern Ecuador and in Peru.
  • Henicorhina leucophrys boliviana Todd , 1932 occurs in western Bolivia. The subspecies is similar to the nominate form, but has more stripes on the throat and the flanks are less reddish.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the hermit wren was in 1844 by Johann Jakob von Tschudi under the scientific name Troglodytes leucophrys . The type specimen came from Peru . In 1868 Philip Lutley Sclater and Osbert Salvin introduced the genus Henicorhina, which was new to science . This name is derived from "henikos ἑνικος " for "unique" and "rhis, rhinos ῥις, ῥινος " for "nostrils". The species name »leucophrys« is a combination of »leukos λευκος « for »white« and »stiktos, stizo οφρυς, οφρυος « for »eyebrow«. »Mexicana« refers to Mexico, »venezuelensis« to Venezuela, »boliviana« to Bolivia, »meridana« to Mérida , »manastarae« to the village of Manastara in the Sierra de Perija, »sanluisensis« to the Sierra de San Luis (part the Sierra de Falcón ) and "tamae" on El Tamá . »Bangsi« is dedicated to Outram Bangs. »Minuscula« is of Latin origin and means »rather small« from »minor« for »smaller«, »festiva« from »festus« for »festive, happy«, »castanea« from »castaneus, castanea« for »chestnut colored, chestnut« , "Capitalis" from "caput, capitis" for "head, boss", "composita" from "componere" for "assemble", "collina" from "collis" for "hill, hill", "brunneiceps" from "brunius" for »brown« and »–ceps, caput, capitis« for »-krönt. Head "and" hilaris "for" happy, cheerful ".

literature

  • Ramón Aveledo Hostos, Pablo Mandazen Soto (Brother Ginés): Cuatro aves nuevas y dos extensiones de distribución para Venezuela, de Perijá . In: Novedades científicas: contribuciones ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural la Salle (=  series zoologica ). tape 1 , 1952, ZDB -ID 920148-8 , p. 1-15 (Spanish).
  • Outram Bangs: On a second collection of birds made in Chrique, By WW Brown Jr. In: Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club . tape 3 , 1902, pp. 15-70 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Władysław Taczanowski: Deuxième list des Oiseaux recueillis dans l'Ecuadeur occidental by MM. Stolzmann et Siemiradski . In: Proceedings of Scientific Meeting of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1883 . 1884, p. 281-313 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman: Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 33 , no. 12 , 1914, pp. 167–192 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
  • Ludlow Griscom: New Birds from Honduras and Mexico . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 13 , 1932, p. 55-62 .
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Comments on Neotropical Birds . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 51 , no. 4 , 1903, pp. 527-539 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, Guy Maxwell Kirwan , David Brewer in: Thomas Scott Schulenberg : Gray-breasted Wood-Wren ( Henicorhina leucophrys ) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
  • Edward William Nelson: Preliminary Descriptions of New Birds From Mexico and Guatemala In the Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture . In: The Auk . tape 14 , no. 1 , 1897, p. 42–76 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of new birds from Southern Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 16 , 1903, pp. 151-160 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Allan Robert Phillips: Further systematic notes on Mexican birds . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 86 , no. 5 , 1966, pp. 86-94 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Henry Phelps, William Henry Phelps Jr .: Two new subspecies of birds from the San Luis Mountains of Venezuela and distributional notes . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 72 , 1959, pp. 121-126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Robert Ridgway: Diagnosis of nine new foprms of American birds . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 16 , 1903, pp. 167-170 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Philip Sclater, Osbert Salvin: On Venezuelan Birds collected by Mr. A. Goering Part I . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London For the Year 1868 . 1868, p. 165-173 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: New South American Wrens . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 45 , April 2, 1932, p. 9-14 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Jakob von Tschudi, Jean Louis Cabanis: Avium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana repiuntur et pleraque observatae vel collectae sunt in itinere . In: Archives for Natural History . tape 10 , no. 1 , 1844, pp. 262-317 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Todd Zimmer, William Henry Phelps: New species and subspecies of birds from Venezuela . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1270 , 1944, pp. 1–16 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).

Web links

Commons : Hermit wren ( Henicorhina leucophrys )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ↑ Allan Robert Phillips (1966), pp. 126-127.
  4. ^ Edward William Nelson (1903), p. 158.
  5. ↑ Edward William Nelson (1897), pp. 73-74.
  6. ↑ a b c Robert Ridgway (1903), p. 168.
  7. ^ Edward William Nelson (1897), p. 74.
  8. ↑ Ludlow Griscom (1932), p. 61.
  9. ^ Outram Bangs (1902), p. 55.
  10. ↑ a b Ramón Aveledo Hostos u. a. (1952), p. 9.
  11. ↑ a b William Henry Phelps u. a. (1959), pp. 123-125.
  12. ^ A b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1903), p. 530.
  13. ↑ a b Walter Edmond Clyde Todd (1932), pp. 11-12.
  14. ↑ a b John Todd Zimmer u. a., p. 13.
  15. ^ Frank Michler Chapman (1914), p. 181.
  16. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., pp. 284-285.
  17. ↑ a b Johann Jakob von Tschudi (1914), p. 282.
  18. ↑ a b Walter Edmond Clyde Todd (1932), pp. 10-11.
  19. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater et al. a., p. 170.
  20. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 190.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 225.
  22. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 256.
  23. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 159.
  24. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 93.
  25. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 90.
  26. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 115.
  27. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 114.
  28. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 78.
  29. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 192.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Sclater u. a. categorized the forest wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta ( Cabanis , 1847)) as a type for the new genus.