Forest wren

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Forest wren
Henicorhina leucosticta (15128399956) .jpg

Forest wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Henicorhina
Type : Forest wren
Scientific name
Henicorhina leucosticta
( Cabanis , 1847)

The forest Wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae), in Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Ecuador and Peru is common. The IUCN considers the stock not to be endangered (Least concern ).

features

The forest wren reaches a body length of about 10.0 to 11.5 cm with a weight of about 15.7 g. The reins are blackish gray, the eye stripe greyish in front of the eye and white behind the eye. The blackish color behind the eye shows white spots in the neck area, the black ear covers are streaked with gray-white spots and stripes. The skull and neck are black, but the neck feathers have strong brown tips. The back is colored deep brown, the rump reddish brown. The wings of the hand and the wings of the arm appear warm brown on the outside flags with unclearly drawn darker brown lines. The control feathers appear strong reddish brown with tight blackish bands. The chin, throat and chest are white, the sides of the chest gray, the belly and flanks warm ocher brown. The eyes are brown, the beak black with a horn-colored base on the lower mandible and dark gray legs. Both sexes are similar. Young animals have a brown skull, which is slightly different in color from the back. The throat and chest are greyish, sometimes with fuzzy darker stripes underneath.

Behavior and nutrition

The forest wren feeds almost exclusively on invertebrates . The food for nestlings consists only of animals, especially caterpillars and larvae . He looks for his food from the ground up to two to three meters above the ground, rarely higher. He especially likes the dense tangle around trees and ravines. Occasionally it mingles briefly with other groups of birds near wandering ants , but is not considered to follow the swarms.

Vocalizations

The song of the forest wren sounds loud and powerful. It consists of three to five whistles, which he repeats continuously as a phrase. Often this is mixed with trills. Both sexes sing, often antiphonically, with the female probably only singing during the breeding season. The tones can differ depending on the distribution area. A bright metallic tick sound was reported from Veracruz , a hoarse irp sound from Costa Rica .

Reproduction

The breeding season of the forest wren is from February to May in Costa Rica, rarely from January, and in Suriname from February to July. In French Guiana, fledglings were observed in December, in Colombia from January to July in breeding mood. The nest is egg-shaped and larger rather than wider. The bottom is thicker, has a circular entrance hole on the side, which is protected at the top by a kind of visor. This is made of fibrous vegetarian material, roots and similar material and covered with moss on the outside and lined with feathers on the inside. It is built close to the ground and well hidden in dense vegetation or a tree stump. Another nest, which serves as a sleeping place, is less robustly built, is usually a little higher and less protected, but mostly on thin vegetation, so that predators warn the attacked by shaking the branch. A clutch consists of two eggs, usually flawlessly shiny white, more rarely with a few brown speckles. The incubation is probably only carried out by the female and takes about 18 days. The chicks are fed by both parents. The nestlings fledge after 17 to 18 days.

distribution and habitat

The forest wren prefers the moist forest of the lowlands at altitudes from sea level to 1300 meters. It occurs much less often at altitudes of up to 1800 or even 2000 meters.

migration

The forest wren is considered a resident bird .

Subspecies

Thirteen subspecies are distinguished:

  • Henicorhina leucosticta decolorata Phillips, AR , 1986 occurs in north-central Mexico. This subspecies is similar to H. l. However, prostheleuca is smaller, has a more dull, lighter and less reddish color, especially on the wings and tail.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta prostheleuca ( Sclater, PL , 1857) is common in southern and eastern Mexico to Belize. The subspecies has a reddish brown skull and is not particularly reddish on top.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta smithei Dickerman , 1973 occurs in the south of the Yucatán Peninsula as far as Guatemala. This subspecies is paler in the rear than other Central American subspecies and has a black skull.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta tropaea Bangs & Peters, JL , 1927 occurs from Honduras via Nicaragua to the east of Costa Rica. The subspecies resembles H. l. prostheleuca , but is more reddish on the back and the flanks. It also has a reddish brown median stripe on the top of the head.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta costaricensis Dickerman , 1973 is widespread in central Costa Rica. The subspecies is darker with less reddish tint on the upper side than other Central American subspecies. The back is dark chocolate brown.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta pittieri Cherrie , 1893 occurs from the southwest of Costa Rica to central Panama. The subspecies resembles H. l. tropaea , but has a lighter chestnut-colored upper side, the flanks rather rust-brown, the central stripe on the top of the head reddish.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta alexandri Phillips, AR , 1986 is common on the Caribbean mountain slopes in eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia. This subspecies is relatively pale and light on the upper side, the flanks have a slight reddish brown tint.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta darienensis Hellmayr , 1921 is distributed on the Pacific mountain slopes in eastern Panama and western Colombia. This subspecies is similar to H. l. tropaea , but has a black skull .
  • Henicorhina leucosticta albilateralis Chapman , 1917 occurs in north-central Colombia. This subspecies differs from H. l. eucharis the cinnamon-brown back and the less gray flanks due to the more matt plumage.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta leucosticta ( Cabanis , 1847) is common in eastern and southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta eucharis Bangs , 1910 occurs in the valley of the Río Dagua in western Colombia. The subspecies is larger, slightly more dull in color and has less black in the cheekbones. The lines on the swing of the hand and the swing of the arm are not clearly drawn.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta inornata Hellmayr , 1903 occurs in southwest Colombia to northwest Ecuador. The subspecies is lighter on top, has a reddish skull, a narrow white stripe above the eyes, thicker reddish-brown flanks and a thicker bill.
  • Henicorhina leucosticta hauxwelli Chubb, C , 1920 is distributed from southern Colombia, across eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. This subspecies is similar to the nominate form , but has a rather reddish chestnut colored back, wings and tail. On the flanks, the darker reddish brown appears.

Etymology and history of research

The forest wren was first described in 1849 by Jean Louis Cabanis under the scientific name Cyphorhinus leucosticta . Type specimens were in the Natural History Museum in Berlin and came from Guyana and Papantla . In 1868 Philip Lutley Sclater and Osbert Salvin introduced the genus Henicorhina, which was new to science . This name is derived from "henikos ἑνικος " for "unique" and "rhis, rhinos ῥις, ῥινος " for "nostrils". The species name »leucosticta« is derived from »leukostiktos λευκοστικτος « for »white flecked « and is a word structure from »leukos λευκος « for »white« and »stiktos, stizo στικτ « ος, στιζω « for »dotted. “Smithei” is dedicated to Frank Bertram Schmidt (1892–1989), also known as Frank Bertram Smithe, “pittieri” to  Henri François Pittier (1857–1950), “alexandri” to Alexander Wetmore (1886–1978) and “hauxwelli” to  John Hauxwell (? 1827–? 1919) "Costaricensis" refers to the country of Costa Rica, "darienensis" to the province of Darién . »Decoloratus« is a Latin word structure from »de« for »reduced, removed« and »color, coloris« for »color«, »albilateralis« from »albus« for »white« and »latus, lateris« for »side, flank "And" inornatus "from" in- "for" not "and" ornatus, ornare "for" ornamented, decorate ". »Prostheleuca« is derived from the Greek »prosthe προσθε « for »vor, fore« and »leukos λευκος « for »white«, »eucharis« from »eu ευ « for »fine« and »charitos, chairō χαριτος, χαιρω « for "Grace, grace to delight" and "tropaios τροπαιος " alternate with "trepō τρεπω " for "change".

literature

  • Celestino Aguilar, Luis Fernando De Léon, José del Rosario Loaiza, William Owen McMillan, Matthew Joseph Miller: Extreme sequence divergence between mitochondrial genomes of two subspecies of White-breasted Wood-wren (Henicorhina leucosticta, Cabanis, 1847) from western and central Panamá . In: Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal . tape 27 , no. 2 , 2016, p. 956-957 , doi : 10.3109 / 19401736.2014.926503 (English).
  • Outram Bangs: New or rare birds from western Colombia . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 23 , 1910, pp. 71-75 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Outram Bangs, James Lee Peters: Birds from the Rain Forest Region of Vera Cruz . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 67 , no. 15 , 1927, pp. 471-487 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jean Louis Cabanis: Ornithological Notes . In: Archives for Natural History . tape 13 , no. 1 , 1847, p. 186-256 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman: The distribution of bird-life in Colombia: a contribution to a biological survey of South America . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 36 , 1917, pp. 1–729 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  • George Cherrie: Exploraciones Zoologicas efetuadas en laparte meridional de Costa Rica par las anos de 1891-92 . In: Anales del Instituto Físico Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica . tape 4 , 1893, p. 133–148 (Spanish, sinabi.go.cr [PDF; 9.7 MB ]).
  • Charles Chubb: Mr. Charles Chubb sent the following descriptions of South African birds . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 40 , no. 252 , 1920, pp. 155-156 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Robert William Dickerman: A review of the White-breasted Woodwrens of Mexico and Central America . In: The Condor . tape 75 , no. 3 , 1973, p. 361–363 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 358 kB ]).
  • Caroline Dingle, Irby John Lovette, Chris Canaday, Thomas Bates Smith: A review of the White-breasted Woodwrens of Mexico and Central America . In: The Auk . tape 123 , no. 1 , 2006, p. 119-134 , doi : 10.1093 / auk / 123.1.119 (English).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Comments on Neotropical Birds . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 51 , no. 4 , 1903, pp. 527-539 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr. CE Hellmayr describes 12 new forms from the neotropical area . In: Anzeiger der Ornithologische Gesellschaft in Bayern . tape 1 , no. 4 , 1921, pp. 25-32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer in: Thomas Scott Schulenberg: White-breasted Wood-Wren (Henicorhina leucosticta) in Birds of the World . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
  • Allan Robert Phillips: The known birds of North and Middle America. Distributions and Variation, Migrations, Changes, Hybrids, etc. 1 (Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae). Roberts Rinehart Publisher, Denver 1986, ISBN 0-9617402-0-5 .
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Catalog of the Birds collected by M. Auguste Sallé in Southern Mexico, with descriptions of new species . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 24 , 1857, pp. 283-311 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1856).
  • Philip Sclater, Osbert Salvin: On Venezuelan Birds collected by Mr. A. Goering Part I . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London For the Year 1868 . 1868, p. 165-173 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Forest Wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ^ A b c Allan Robert Phillips (1986), p. 130.
  4. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater (1857), p. 290.
  5. ↑ a b c d Robert William Dickerman (1973), p. 362.
  6. ↑ Outram Bangs et al. a. (1927), p. 480.
  7. ↑ a b George Cherrie (1893), p. 134.
  8. ↑ a b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1921), p. 25.
  9. ↑ Frank Michler Chapman (1917), p. 524.
  10. ↑ a b Jean Louis Cabanis (1847), pp. 206-207.
  11. ^ Outram Bangs (1927), p. 74.
  12. ^ Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1903), p. 528.
  13. ^ A b Charles Chubb (1920), p. 156.
  14. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater et al. a., p. 170.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 190.
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 225.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 131.
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 39.
  19. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 205.
  20. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 318.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 151.
  22. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 391.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Sclater u. a. categorized the forest wren ( Henicorhina leucosticta ( Cabanis , 1847)) as a type for the new genus.