Nibiru

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Nibiru (also Neberu, Nebiru ; d né-bé-ru, mul ni-bi-rum) is on the one hand the name of a Sumerian and Babylonian deity , on the other hand the Sumerian and Babylonian mythological name of a celestial object in connection with an astronomical constellation .

Assignment as a deity

In the work of the Babylonian world creation story Enûma elîš ( As above [the sky was not yet named] ) Nibiru is mentioned in the fifth panel as one of the most important deities of Marduk : When Marduk established the locations (manzazu) of Nibiru, Enlil and Ea in the sky . In other Babylonian texts, instead of the Babylonian deity Ea, the sky deity Anu is also mentioned.

Assignment as a celestial object

The mentions in Babylonian cuneiform tablets leave open whether the deity Nibiru represents a celestial object or a certain constellation in the night sky. In the lists, Nibiru is mentioned at various astronomical points of appearance in connection with the positions of stars or planets . The respective stars or planets were not subject to any fixed assignments. The star of Ea , for example, was described at various points of revelation , which was optionally named as the star sails of the ship , formal skin or Venus . The other stars of the gods also received similar assignments , which is why certain celestial coordinates are also possible at which the stars of the gods appeared.

Sky Post Nibiru

Nibiru is described in more detail on a completely preserved cuneiform tablet:

“Nibiru, who is supposed to keep the transitions between heaven and earth occupied, because everyone above and below asks Nibiru if they cannot find the passage. Nibiru is Marduk's star, which the gods made visible in the sky. Nibiru stands as a post at the turning point. As for the post of Nibiru, others may say: “ Who crosses the middle of the sea ( Tiamat ) without rest, his name is Nibiru, for he occupies the middle of it”. The orbit of the stars of the sky should be kept unchanged. "

- Nibiru description

Böhl calls the text the most factually difficult passage, although it has been preserved in its entirety. The Nibiru tablet does not represent an essential aid to clarification .

Nibiru as equating planets or comets

The majority of historians assume that Nibiru is a movable celestial object. In the assignment as equation with planets or comets, the speculations diverge widely. Jupiter , Canopus , Venus and Comet Halley are considered possible candidates for Nibiru traded .

In a text concerning the Babylonian Akitu festival , the worshiped deities are described in the ritual interrogation on the 5th Nisannu : The festivities of the 5th Nisannu began 4 hours before the end of the night and with the same opening ceremonies of the 4th Nisannu. Instead of the blessing formula Pegasus , the words were now spoken: Dimmer-ankia as the decider of fates, Nunki as the spokesman for wisdom, Asari (Marduk) as the giver of the land of culture, Jupiter as the signaler, Mercury as the rainbringer, Saturn as truth and justice, Mars as the bringer of the wild fire, Sirius as the sounder of the sea water, the boat as the lord of Enlils, Nenegar emerged from himself, Numušda as the bringer of constant rain, the chest of the scorpion as a puller across the sea, sun and moon calm all gentlemen. Is there any other god besides my god? ... [waiting for an answer] ... No? Nobody is like my god.

A conclusive proof for the respective assignment theories could not be produced so far, even if the interpretations of the cuneiform statements were well founded.

The nibiru point

Other historians, such as Immanuel Benzinger , associated Nibiru with the astronomical term culminating point , as he based his thesis with reference to the study of the Hebrew Passover festival. Based on passages from the Old Testament , Benzinger derives his view of determining the right time for the Passover festival with the formulation of the gentle passage of the moon through the pass (ma'bara) . Benzinger equates the passport with the Nibiru point and fixes it in the various calendar forms.

For example, the Nibiru point is used elsewhere as the lunar north point at the time of the winter solstice as the New Year begins. The Nibiru point is thus the prominent culmination point, which is mainly reached by the moon and indicates the beginning of a new year in the various cultures. In this respect, the Nibiru point does not describe an astronomically fixed position in the sky, but is always based on the specifications of the respective countries. In ancient Egypt , the Nibiru point was comparatively in the summer and was subject to the laws of the moon and Sirius there.

Esoteric and pseudoscience

In the course of the theories about the end of the world in 2012 , Nibiru was repeatedly referred to as the source of doom. According to the theory, it would be a planet in an orbit around the sun for around 3,600 years; some theories referred to Nibiru as a brown dwarf . The NASA then declared that no signs are present for such an astronomical object. In 1999, John B. Murray from the Open University in Great Britain calculated a previously unknown celestial body with a mass between one and 10 Jupiter masses at a distance of 30,000 to 50,000 AU from the sun and named it Tyche .

literature

Notes and evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Ernst Weidner in: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Frontasiatischen Aräologie , Vol. 2, de Gruyter, Berlin 1978, p. 381.
  2. ^ Translation of Wolfram von Soden In: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA), No. 47 , p. 17.
  3. ↑ FMT Böhl In: The 50 names of Marduk , Archive for Orient Research (AfO) No. 11, 1936, p. 210.
  4. ↑ a b Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend: Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time: A Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and Its Transmission Through Myth , David R. Godine, pp. 430-436; online, Appendix 39 (accessed April 9, 2014)
  5. ↑ Otto Kaiser : Texts from the environment of the Old Testament, Vol. 2 - Religious texts , Gütersloh 1991, ISBN 3-579-00071-3
  6. ↑ Immanuel Benzinger: Hebräische Archäologie , Olms, Hildesheim 1974, p. 382.
  7. ↑ a b Immanuel Benzinger: Hebräische Archäologie , Olms, Hildesheim 1974, pp. 168–169.
  8. ↑ http://lunarscience.nasa.gov/articles/truth-about-nibiru/
  9. ^ John B. Murray: Arguments for the Presence of a Distant Large Undiscovered Solar System Planet . In: Houston Chronicle , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 309, No. 1, October 11, 1999, pp. 31-34. bibcode : 1999MNRAS.309 ... 31M . doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-8711.1999.02806.x .

Web links

Nibiru from KS de Boer - Argelander Institute for Astronomy, University of Bonn