Northern Low German

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North Low German (Nndt.) [ˈNɔʁtˌniːdɐdɔɪ̯ʧ] or North Low Saxon is a dialect association within West Low German . The term "North Lower Saxon" does not refer geographically to the German state of Lower Saxony , but to the northern language area of ​​West Low German, which also extends beyond the German-Dutch border ( Nedersaksisch ).

This dialect association is supposedly regarded as "Standard Low German", primarily due to its higher media presence, as it is understood and spoken in the greater part of northern Germany , including most of Lower Saxony , Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein . With the exception of East Frisian Low German, which has a strong Frisian substrate, numerous diphthongizations and Dutch language influence , all subgroups of North Low German are easy to understand. Due to the media distribution on radio and television, it functions in many ways as a standard language within Low German, without being one.

Concept formation

The term “Northern Low German” was coined in 1957 by the Germanist William Foerste and introduced into the specialist literature to denote Low German north of West and East Fälische . Today it has established itself in German studies in the sense of “northern West Low German”. Older research used terms such as Nordalbingisch for northern Lower Saxony and Lower Saxony, which, however, can be associated too much with the German state.

Foerster, for example, advocated the publication of a joint East Dutch-West Low German language atlas in order to make the word-geographical connections between the Netherlands and Low Germany (=  Northern Germany ) accessible to thorough research. Foerster also suggested the apolitical terms “Saxonia” and “Saxonian” as a designation for the study area, which he found acceptable from both German and Dutch studies .

Identification, limitation

Mark

The dialect association described here includes all Low German dialects that have neither West nor East Westphalian characteristics.

North Low German is distinguished from the Westphalian to the south by the lack of Westphalian refraction and by a strong simplification in the vowel and formal system. For example, the Middle Low German a -sounds  â and  ā have merged into / å /. It also has e- apocopes: nordndt. up'n disk vs. westfäl. / ostfäl. up'n diske .

Limitation

The border with the Lower Rhine region , which is based in Lower Franconia , is generally drawn on the Westphalian line and is defined by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person plural present indicative of the verbs : High German reads "we make", "you make" and "you make" there wi maket , ji maket , se maket .

Its boundary to the neighboring East Low German is formed by a line that extends from Lübeck via Magdeburg to Halberstadt . To the east of this line ( -et / -en -line) there is also a unit plural, which differs from West Low German through the verb  ending -en : wi maken, ji maken, se maken .

In the north it borders on the Danish and on the coast of Schleswig-Holstein on the North Frisian language area. In the east, North Low German is bounded by the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania dialect association and in the south by the West and East Westphalian dialect area. In the Lüneburg , Uelzen and Salzwedel area , it also forms a larger area of ​​interference with the Ostfälischen and Mecklenburg-Vorpommerschen, that is, a dialect continuum .

Subgroups

Northern Low German is divided into seven subgroups (dialects) on the German side:

  1. East Frisian Low German (mark do  "fence", listen to  "them"), which established itself in the Old East Frisian language area,
  2. Emsland Low German on the Unterems (indicator wi bünt  "we are"),
  3. Oldenburg Low German (code achter uusen huus  "behind our house" instead of the expected achter u (n) s hus ),
  4. Northern Hanoverian Low German (indicator word  " Möhre " instead of the expected word ),
  5. Holstein Low German (identifier jüm  "them"),
  6. Dithmarsches Low German (license plate  “Gevatterin”) and
  7. Schleswig Low German (indicator of infinitive construction with un: dat is tid un plücken applen  “it's time to pick apples”).

East Frisian and Emsland Low German have in common that both are heavily interspersed with Dutch elements, while Holstein has many similarities with Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

East Frisian Low German continues as Gronings in the Netherlands , while the other subgroups of North Low German split into further subdialects (local dialects):

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon Sprach. 3rd, revised edition. J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-476-02056-8 , entry "Nordniederdeutsch", pp. 446-447.
  2. ^ Ludger Kremer: Dialect research in the East Dutch-Westphalian border area. An inventory 1900–1975 , Rudopi NV, Amsterdam 1977, footnote 130, Googlebooks, accessed November 28, 2018
  3. ^ Heinrich Thies (ed.): SASS. Low German grammar. 2nd, improved edition. Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 2011, ISBN 978-3-529-03200-4 , chapter “Pronouns and pronouns”. Article words (accompanying words) ”, p. 155.
  4. ^ A b Hermann Niebaum, Jürgen Macha: Introduction to the Dialectology of German. (= Germanistic workbooks. Volume 37). 2nd, revised edition. Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-484-26037-8 , p. 220.
  5. ↑ Accompanying text from Radio Bremen from 2008, on the repetition of the Low German radio play series Ottjen Alldag based on the trilogy of novels by Georg Droste : Ottjen Alldag from 1954 (see various episodes and broadcast dates) ( Memento from February 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive )