Ortolf of Baierland

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Ortolf von Baierland , also Ortolf von Würzburg (born in the first half of the 13th century in the Duchy of Bavaria , possibly in the Lower Franconian hamlet "Bayerland", today " Wegfurter Baierland", in Bischofsheim an der Rhön ; died around 1290, probably in Würzburg ) was a highly respected surgeon with an academic education and around 1280 the author of a vernacular medical textbook that was used regionally until the end of the 16th century.

Life

So far there are only two direct documentary evidence about Ortolf's life data, which prove that he lived in a canon court next to the Würzburg Cathedral long before 1339 and worked as a doctor ("chirologist": here designation for an academically trained surgeon). In addition to indirect mentions, the fact that his Würzburg house (in the area of ​​today's Kardinal-Döpfner-Platz 3) was still known as Ortolfs hûs 50 years after his death speaks for his high reputation . Ortolf von Baierland, who is occasionally also called Ortolf von Würzburg and worked for the Würzburg Cathedral Chapter , was an excellent expert on specialist Latin literature and probably had at least partly studied at a university - Salerno and Paris are being considered - and still studying Completed before 1250. He may have had access to the sources he used via the Würzburg Cathedral School, which was important in the Middle Ages. The mention in the oldest accounts of the Aldersbach monastery is an indirect reference to the high position of Würzburg medicine in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

The pharmacopoeia of Ortolf von Baierland

The period of origin of the ortolian pharmacopoeia written in Würzburg , which contains both surgical content ( wuntarzenîe ) and internal ( lîparzenîe ) as well as interdisciplinary ( e.g. ophthalmological) sections, cannot be precisely determined. It is assumed, however, that it was created around 1280, as it is certain that it is not a work for young people and that, due to the lack of plague recipes, it must have been written before the great plagues - and thus before 1348. In addition, the transmission of Ortolf's content began shortly after 1300, which for medieval conditions also speaks for an origin well before 1300. The pharmacopoeia , also known as Middle High German arzetbuoch , is characterized by a high level of technical competence at the cutting edge of its time; its conception as a vernacular textbook can be described as a pioneering act, as it was customary until then to write medical textbooks in Latin. Ortolfs suggests that he was an experienced practitioner, which was by no means a matter of course for medical students of the Middle Ages. Completely trained practitioners, primarily surgeons, were also the ones to whom Ortolf directed his textbook. On a humoral pathological basis , he imparted profound knowledge about diagnosis, prognosis and therapy (including bloodletting ) for the entire broad spectrum of diseases that the surgeons of the Middle Ages treated (general diseases , injuries, eye diseases , gynecological diseases up to dentistry and surgery). Beyond its medicinal qualities, Ortolf's pharmacopoeia is considered a brilliant linguistic work of art. For his work, which was mainly drawn from sources from the 12th and 13th centuries, Ortolf relied primarily on Salern sources; he also used specialist medical literature from Parma, Toledo and Paris. The Compendium medicinae by Gilbertus Anglicus is one of the main sources .

History of transmission and impact

The tradition of the pharmacopoeia stretches from the 14th to the 17th century: in the meantime, over 70 full and around 130 scattered versions of the manuscript are known, plus eight printed editions with more than 200 editions from 1472 to 1658. The distribution of the pharmacopoeia is concentrated in space up to around 1500 in the Bavarian-East Franconian language area, but is also available in the Alemannic (Upper Alsace) area. At the Würzburg Institute for the History of Medicine, under the direction of Gundolf Keil, the Germanist and linguist Christine Boot (1929–1992) was instrumental in collating the text by examining more than 200 manuscripts .

As a result of his good reputation, texts were still given Ortolf's name in the 15th and 16th centuries in order to "give them a certain scholarly luster". The pseudo-Ortolfica also includes an obstetric tract from the late 15th century, the so-called Pseudo-Ortolfi women's book, first printed in Augsburg around 1495 .

Edition

  • James Follan (Ed.): The pharmacopoeia Ortolfs von Baierland. According to the oldest manuscript (14th century) (Stadtarchiv Köln W 4 ° 24 *) (= publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy eV Neue Reihe, Vol. 23, ISSN  0074-9729 ). Scientific publishing company, Stuttgart 1963.

Printouts

  • Ortolff von Bayrlandt: Ayn Artzpuech mayster Ortolfs von Bayrn [...]. Augsburg 1477 ( digitized version ).
  • pro rata: Promptuarium medicinae, Niederdt. , [Lübeck] [around 1488] ( digitized version )
  • Bock der arstedien van allen kranckheyten and ghebreken des mynschen. Lübeck ( Bartholomäus Ghotan ) 1484.

literature

  • Karl Heinz Bartels : The Würzburg "Pharmacopoeia". In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 25, 2006, pp. 75-112, here: pp. 75 and 78-80
  • James Follan: Ortolf von Baierlant's treatise on medicine. Philosophical dissertation Edinburgh 1956.
  • James Follan: Manuscripts of Ortolfs from Bayerlants 'Pharmacopoeia': Their contents, exemplifying German mediaeval “Artesliteratur”. In: Specialist literature of the Middle Ages. Festschrift Gerhard Eis. Edited by Gundolf Keil, Rainer Rudolf, Wolfram Schmitt and Hans J. Vermeer , Stuttgart 1968, pp. 31–52.
  • Friedrich Helreich : About medieval German pharmacopoeias, especially that of "Master Ortolff von Bayrlant, ain Artz in Wirtzpurgk". In: Meeting reports of the physical-medical society of Würzburg , year 1899 (1900), pp. 5–15.
  • Günter Kallinich , Karin Figala : "Ortolf von Baierland": A proof of its existence. In: Gerhard Baader, Gundolf Keil (Hrsg.): Medicine in the medieval occident. (= Paths of Research. Vol. 363). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-534-06022-9 , pp. 293-296 (previously in: Sudhoffs Archiv 51, 1967, pp. 184-187).
  • Gundolf Keil: The pharmacopoeia of Ortolf von Baierland: Its scope and influence on the 'Cirurgia magistri Petri de Ulma'. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 43, 1959, pp. 20-60.
  • Gundolf Keil: Ortolf's Pharmacopoeia. Additions to James Follan's Edition. In: Sudhoff's archive . Vol. 53, H. 2, 1969, pp. 119-152, JSTOR 20775755 .
  • Gundolf Keil: "I, master Ortolf, born from Beierlant, a doctor in Wirzeburc". On the history of Würzburg medicine in the 13th century. In: Annual report of the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg on the academic year 1975/76. (= Würzburg University Speeches. Volume 56). Würzburg 1977, pp. 17-42.
  • Gundolf Keil: Ortolf von Baierland (Würzburg). In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. Volume 7: "Upper German Servatius" - Reuchart of Salzburg. 2nd, completely revised edition. De Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1989, ISBN 3-11-011582-4 , Sp. 67-82.
  • Gundolf Keil:  Ortolf von Baierland. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , pp. 605 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Karl Ernst Hermann Krause :  Dr. "Ortolf von Bayrlandt or Beyerlande" . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, p. 454.
  • Gundolf Keil: Ortolf's Surgical Treatise and the Appearance of the Medical Demonstration Drawing. In: Wolfgang Harms (ed.): Text and image, image and text. DFG Symposium 1988. Stuttgart 1990 (= German Symposia. Volume 11), pp. 134, 137–149, 216–221 and 237 f.
  • Gundolf Keil, Johannes G. Mayer, Christian Naser (eds.): "Make a teutsch bad luck". Investigations into the local language mediation of medical knowledge (= Ortolf studies , 1), Reichert, Wiesbaden 1993 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages. Writings of the Collaborative Research Center 226 Würzburg / Eichstätt. Volume 11), ISBN 3-88226-539-6 .
  • Johannes Gottfried Mayer : The 'Pharmacopoeia' Ortolf von Baierland in medical compendia of the 15th century. Observations and reflections on the typology of medical compendia and compilations. In: Gundolf Keil (Ed.): “Make a teutsch bad luck”. Studies on the communication of medical knowledge in the national language (= Ortolf studies. Vol. 1 = Knowledge literature in the Middle Ages. Vol. 11). Reichert, Wiesbaden 1993, ISBN 3-88226-539-6 , pp. 39-61.
  • Ortrun Riha : Make a book out of all books. The conception of Ortolf's 'Pharmacopoeia'. In: Gundolf Keil (Ed.): “Make a teutsch bad luck”. Studies on the communication of medical knowledge in the national language (= Ortolf studies. Vol. 1 = Knowledge literature in the Middle Ages. Vol. 11). Reichert, Wiesbaden 1993, ISBN 3-88226-539-6 , pp. 15-38.
  • Ortrun Riha: Ortolf's pharmacopoeia of Baierland (= literature of knowledge in the Middle Ages. Vol. 50). On the basis of the work of the sub-project of the SFB 226, directed by Gundolf Keil, "Knowledge-imparting and knowledge-organizing literature in the Middle Ages". Brought to press, initiated and commented on. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2014 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages. Writings of the Collaborative Research Center 226 Würzburg / Eichstätt , 50), ISBN 978-3-95490-015-2 .
  • Ortrun Riha: Medieval healing art. The Ortolf von Baierland pharmacopoeia (around 1300) (= DWV writings on the history of medicine . Vol. 15). Introduced, translated and given a drug-related appendix. Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag, Baden-Baden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86888-071-7 .
  • Hans Wiswe: The pharmacopoeia of Ortolf von Baierland. In: Correspondence sheets of the Association for Low German Language Research 73, 1966, pp. 2–5.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Manfred Zirkelbach: In: Rhön and Saalepost: A real Rhön child .
  2. ^ Gundolf Keil: Ortolf von Baierland. In: New German Biography. Volume 19, 1999, p. 605 f. ([Online version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119070707.html#ndbcontent ).
  3. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "I, master Ortolf, born from Beierlant, a doctor in Wirzeburc". On the history of Würzburg medicine in the 13th century. In: Annual report of the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg on the academic year 1975/76. Würzburg 1977 (= Würzburger Universitätsreden, 56), pp. 17–42; here: pp. 25–27
  4. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "I, master Ortolf, born from Beierlant, a doctor in Wirzeburc" [...] , p. 28
  5. ↑ Ortrun Riha: Ortolf von Baierland and his Latin sources. University medicine in the vernacular. Reichert, Wiesbaden 1992 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages , 10), ISBN 3-88226-538-8 .
  6. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: pp. 19 f.
  7. ↑ Hans Dünninger: Where was the house of Mag. Ortolf, "arzet in Wirzeburc"? In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 125-131.
  8. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "Isâk künig Salomons sun made a buoch in Arabia, daz Got never bezzerz created" - The representation of the school of Kairouan in Würzburg and Breslau of the 13th century. In: Ex oriente lux? Paths to Modern Science. Accompanying volume for the special exhibition in the Augusteum, Oldenburg 2009–2010. Edited by M. Fansa, Oldenburg 2009, pp. 212–225 and 495–526; here: p. 222.
  9. ^ Gundolf Keil: Ortolf von Baierland (from Würzburg). In: The German literature of the Middle Ages: author lexicon. , 2nd Edition. Berlin / New York, Volume 7, Column 67-82, here: Col. 68.
  10. ↑ Gundolf Keil (2012/13), p. 19 f.
  11. ^ Bernhard Lübbers : The first mention of doctors in Würzburg. A hitherto unknown reference to Ortolf von Baierland's sphere of activity? In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 26, 2007, pp. 250-261.
  12. ↑ Gundolf Keil (2012/13), pp. 19–21.
  13. ^ Gundolf Keil: The German Isaak Judäus reception from the 13th to the 15th century. Shaker, Aachen 2015 (= European Science Relations, Supplement 2), ISBN 978-3-8440-3933-7 ; P. 70, note 350, and p. 87
  14. ↑ Christine Boot: an empty stomach ligt great health. On the representation of Ortolf's phlebotomy in German-language bloodletting texts. In: Gundolf Keil, Johannes G. Mayer, Christian Naser (eds.): "Make a teutsch puech". Studies on the communication of medical knowledge in the national language (= Ortolf studies , 1), Reichert, Wiesbaden 1993 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages , 11), ISBN 3-88226-539-6 , pp. 112–157.
  15. ↑ Gundolf Keil (2012/2013), p. 20.
  16. ↑ See also Hildemarie Groß: On the representation of Ortolf's 'Pharmacopoeia' at Anton Trutmann. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 71, 1987, pp. 102-105.
  17. ↑ Hilde-Marie Gross, Gundolf Keil: Obituary for Christine Boot. In: Würzburger medical history reports , Volume 11, 1993, pp. 397-402, here: p. 398.
  18. ↑ Christine Boot, Gundolf Keil, Johannes Gottfried Mayer and Ortrun Riha: The 'Pharmacopoeia' Ortolf von Baierland. In: Collaborative Research Center 226, Knowledge-Organizing and Knowledge-Conveying Literature in the Middle Ages (Würzburg / Eichstätt), Work and Results Report 1984–1986. Würzburg 1986, pp. 109-162; Arbeitsbericht 1987–89, ibid. 1989, pp. 99–109.
  19. ↑ See also Ortrun Riha: From the 'Canon' Avizennas to the caption of the 'Wound Man'. Preliminary investigations on the transformation of literary genres using the example of the 'Pharmacopoeia' Ortolf von Baierland. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 73, 1989, pp. 45-55, in particular pp. 47 f.
  20. ^ Gundolf Keil: 'Pseudo-Ortolfisches Frauenbüchlein'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1189 f.
  21. ↑ Gustav Klein: The women's book of Ortolff von Bayerland printed before 1500 as well as Eucharius Rösslin's "Rosengarten". Printed in 1513. Munich 1910 (= old masters of medicine and natural history in facsimile editions and reprints based on works from the 15th to 18th centuries , 1, 2).
  22. ↑ Britta-Juliane Kruse: New discovery of a handwritten preliminary stage of Eucharius Rößlin's midwifery textbook The pregnant women and midwives Rosengarten and the women's booklet Pseudo-Ortolfs. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 78, 1994, pp. 220-236.
  23. ^ Gundolf Keil: Ortolf shares in the ›Promptuarium medicinae‹. Investigations into the text train of Bartholomäus Ghotan's Middle Low German herb book. In: Gundolf Keil, Johannes G. Mayer, Christian Naser (eds.): Ortolf Studies 1. Wiesbaden 1993 (= knowledge literature in the Middle Ages , 11), pp. 499-537.
  24. ↑ Karl-Erik Rehn: Studies on Ortolff von Beyerlandt: Bock der arstedien van allen kranckheyten and ghebreken des mynschen - Bartholomäus Gothan, Lübeck 1484. I – II, Germanistische Lizentiatsabhandlung, Stockholm 1968.
personal data
SURNAME Ortolf of Baierland
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor
DATE OF BIRTH 13th Century
DATE OF DEATH 14th Century