Eastern Slovak dialects

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The Eastern Slovak dialects ( Slovak východoslovenské nárečia , východoslovenský dialekt , východoslovenčina or colloquially východniarčina ) are one of the three major dialect groups of the Slovak language .

In contrast to the other dialect groups of Slovak, the West and Central Slovak dialects, the East Slovak dialects were never codified. Nevertheless, there were attempts in the 19th and 20th centuries to standardize the eastern Slovak varieties. In the 1880s, two newspapers were founded in the USA, initially written in an Eastern Slovak dialect: Slovák v Amerike ("Slovak in America") and Amerikánsko-slovenské noviny ("American-Slovak newspaper"); the former still exists today, albeit in the standard Slovak language.

Distribution and structure

The Eastern Slovak dialects are mainly spoken in Eastern Slovakia , roughly the same as today's administrative units Prešovský kraj and Košický kraj . The exception is the Okres Rožňava , whose dialects are part of Central Slovak dialects.

The exact breakdown differs depending on the author and source, but in general Eastern Slovak can be divided into four main groups, which for the most part copy the borders of the former Hungarian counties :

Often dialects of Ung (Slovak užské nárečia , after the former Ung county ) around Sobrance and the so-called Soták dialect (Slovak sotácke nárečie , after the expression so , standard language čo , German "what") around Humenné and Snina are given .

features

In contrast to West and Central Slovak dialects, the influence of Czech is less, Polish and Russian / Ukrainian influences are more noticeable. In terms of vocabulary in particular, the dialects have also been influenced by Hungarian and Romanian . On the other hand, East Slovak dialects are more similar to West Slovak than Central Slovak dialects.

The Eastern Slovak dialects by and large have the following characteristics (not completely):

  • Stress on the penultimate syllable, not on the first syllable as in standard language
  • Vowels are always pronounced briefly
  • the vowel ä changes to an e (e.g. standard language päť and mäso become pejc and meso , in German "five" and "meat")
  • the vowel o in some words changes to an e (e.g. ovos , doska , statok become oves , deska , statek , in German "Hafer", "Brett", "Gut")
  • the consonants n , l , s , z are always palatalized before an i , sometimes before an e , and diphthongs are often assimilated
  • the consonants ť and ď have been changed to c and dz with small exceptions , therefore the ending of the verb infinitive -ť changes to -c (e.g. robiť becomes robic , in German "to do")
  • there are also alveopalatal fricatives ś and ź , which are not preserved in the standard language
  • the consonants l and r cannot form syllables in the Eastern Slovak dialect (e.g. standard-language krk and slnko become kark and slunko , in German "neck" and "sun")
  • especially in cities, the digraph changes ch in h (z. B. standard language Mucha will muha , in German "Fly")
  • Declension is different in several places: in the genitive and locative plural, the ending is always -och , regardless of gender , in the dative plural -om , in the instrumental plural -ami etc.
  • Basic numerals have no special form for numbers of five and higher, as would be necessary in standard language (e.g. päť kráv and desať korún become pejc kravi and dześec koruni )
  • Reflexive verbs can be converted into personal pronouns, especially in the past, similar to Russian (e.g. mi tu śedzeľi instead of my sme tu sedeli , German “we sat here” or ja hladni instead of som hladný , German “I'm hungry ")

Characteristic expressions include barz (Slov. Veľmi , German “very”), ľem (Slov. Len , German “only”), trimac (Slov. Držať , German “hold”), ta (Slov. Nuž , German “na ") Or choľem (Slov. Aspoň , German" at least ").

Text example

Example of a text in the Eastern Slovak dialect ( Kapušany in the Šariš region )

Buľi raz dvojo kmotrove, co furt vjedno chodziľi na jurmaki. Raz tiž tak išľi z jurmaku a našľi gvera. Ta znace, že ešči ftedi ľudze tak ňechirovali o gveroch, ňebulo teľo vojakoch. Išľi tak popod ľešik a naraz every zbačil gver a takoj ku ňemu ucekal… Ten druhi še tiž mocno zradoval, ta vžaľi totu fujaru a hutorili sebe: "Kmotre, ja budzem do ňej duc a ti budze .š prebirac". Ta začaľi vera ľudze dead dvomi hrac. Every kmoter pocahnul za kohucik, kuľka utrafila do druheho kmotra, co prebiral a ten še takoj prevracil umarti na žem.

Equivalent in Slovak

Boli raz dvaja kmotrovia, ktorí stále spolu chodili na jarmoky. Raz tiež tak vyšli z jarmoku a našli pušku. To viete, že vtedy ešte ľudia tak nechyrovali o puškách, nebolo toľko vojakov. Išli tak popod lesík a alles zazrel pušku a hneď k nej utekal. Ten druhý sa tiež silno zaradoval, tak vzali fujaru a hovorili si: “Kmotor, ja budem do nej fúkať a ty budeš preberať. Tak začali veru tí dvaja hrať. Every kmotor potiahol za kohútik, guľka trafila druhého kmotra, ktorý preberal, a ten sa prevrátil mŕtvy na zem. "

swell

  • E. Polívka, I. Vindiš: Nárečový svojráz východného Slovenska . In: Almanach východného Slovenska 1848 - 1948 . Košice 1948, p. 162–169 (Slovak, ilonas.net [PDF; 2.1 MB ]).
  • Ferdinand Buffa: Východoslovenské nárečia . In: Vlastivedný časopis XI . Bratislava 1962 (Slovak, ilonas.net [PDF; 779 kB ]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Konstantin Lifanov: Ešte raz o jazyku východoslovenských publikácií v USA , 2006 (Slovak)
  2. ^ Main page of the Slovák v Amerike newspaper
  3. ↑ K problematike rusínsko-slovenských jazykových kontaktov

Web links