Pantheinae

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Pantheinae
Monastery woman (Panthea coenobita)

Monastery woman ( Panthea coenobita )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Superordinate : New winged wing (Neoptera)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Superfamily : Noctuoidea
Family : Noctuidae
Subfamily : Pantheinae
Scientific name
Pantheinae
JB Smith , 1898
Cloister's caterpillar

The Pantheinae are a subfamily of butterflies , within the owl butterfly family (Noctuidae). They were also viewed as a separate family, but again viewed as a subfamily in the latest classifications. The subfamily includes around 50 species, three species also occur in Europe.

features

The moths are usually relatively large. The males have toothed (serrate) or comb-shaped (pectinates), the females thin, thread-shaped (filiform) antennae. The labial palps are relatively short and the third segment is very short and cylindrical. The proboscis is short, rudimentary or even completely reduced. They have conspicuously hairy compound eyes . The ocelli are very small or completely absent. The front is smooth. The wings are rounded triangular, the vein M2 of the hind wing is always clearly developed. The wing ornamentation is usually clear, but very diverse. There is often a dagger-shaped tornal line on the forewing. Ring and kidney defects are usually present and also well marked (exception: Panthea ). In the tympanic organs, the bullae are laterally fused, but z. Sometimes only over a short distance. There are also some special features in the female and male sexual apparatus.

The caterpillars are hairy from the first stage and have a large wart in front of the spiracles on the prothorax . In all caterpillar stages, no glands are formed in the middle of the back on the sixth and seventh abdominal segments. The head of the caterpillars is hairy from the second stage, in the first stage there is a wart on the seventh abdominal segment, below the spiracles. They have no cylindrical lobes on the galea , the second chew on the maxilla, like the caterpillars of the other owl butterflies. The doll has a well-developed cremaster with multiple bristles and in many species the thighs ( femora ) are fused with the prothorax.

Geographical occurrence and habitat

The approx. 50 species occur in the Palearctic , the Nearctic and the Oriental of the Paleotropic Fauna Province. Only three species are native to Europe, which also occur in Central Europe. The greatest diversity is observed in the mountain forests of the Himalayas , southern China and Indochina.

Way of life

Pupation takes place in a dense cocoon , which is similar to those of the genus Acronicta (subfamily Acronictinae ). A number of species have the same way of life and feed on woody plants, especially of conifers, but also podocarps (Podocarpaceae), book plants (Fagaceae), willow plants (Salicaceae), horse chestnut plants (Aceraceae) and rose family (Rosaceae).

Systematics

The subfamily currently comprises about 18 genera. Central Europe also occurs in three genera, each with one species . However, the scope of the subfamily varies greatly depending on the author. The compilation was based on "Butterflies and Moths of the World - Generic Names and their Type-species2" with minor changes according to Speidel & Kononenko (1998).

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ J. Donald Lafontaine and Michael Fibiger: Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 138 (5): 610-635, Ottawa 2006 ISSN  0008-347X
  2. ↑ Fibiger et al. (2009: pp. 19–20)
  3. ↑ Limacodidae. Lepiforum e. V., accessed December 19, 2009 .
  4. ^ Butterflies and Moths of the World
  5. ^ A b W. Speidel and VSW Kononenko: A review of the subfamilies Pantheinae and Anacronictinae from north Vietnam with description of new species of Tambana Moore, 1882 and Acronicta Warren, 1909 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Esperiana, 6: 547-566, 1998. ISSN  0949-4529
  6. ^ B. Christian Schmidt and Gary G. Anweiler: The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae). ZooKeys, 39: 161-181, 2010 doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.39.432

literature

  • Michael Fibiger, László Ronkay, Axel Steiner & Alberto Zilli: Noctuidae Europaeae Volume 11 Pantheinae, Dilobinae, Acronictinae, Eustrotiinae, Nolinae, Bagisarinae, Acontiinae, Metoponiinae, Heliothinae and Bryophilinae. 504 pp., Entomological Press, Sorø, 2009 ISBN 978-87-89430-14-0 .
  • Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).
  • Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-854952-0 (English).

Web links

Commons : Pantheinae  - collection of images, videos and audio files