patience

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A solitaire display

A Patience [ pasi̯ãːs ] ( French for " patience is") is a card game that is played mostly by one person. But there are also two patience , such as the quarrel solitaire . In American and Canadian English , these games are referred to as Solitaire (not to be confused with the board game known in German, Solitaire ).

Patience can be played to pass the time, it can also serve for meditation and train forward thinking. Implementations of various patience for the computer or as mobile apps are modern .

history

The origin of the patience is unknown. The history of its origins is often given as the fact that the patience was invented in the 18th century by a French nobleman out of boredom who was trapped in the Bastille at the time of the French Revolution and was waiting to be executed . From here the patience is said to have spread among the political prisoners. Later Napoleon Bonaparte is said to have regularly held patience to foresee the outcome of the battles. The game was then spread worldwide through French emigrants in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Alternatively, the game probably originated in Germany in the 18th century and then spread to France, where it was very popular and where numerous patience and French terms and names have originated. The significance of Napoleon, who is the namesake for some patience, is also called into question; he has probably tried whist hands regularly and played alone. One of the oldest collections of patience games came from Lady Adelaide Cadogan , who published her book Many of Lady Cardogan's solitaire games in 1870 and later her Illustrated Games of Solitaire .

Although this connection between prediction and the game of patience is common, solitaire has nothing to do with the card reading practiced by fortune tellers , in which the use of cards is used to prophesy the future.

Cards and style of play

Solitaire cards compared to normal playing cards

One or two simple decks of 52 cards each ( card values from ace to king ) are predominantly used to place patience ; a single game denotes 52, a double game denotes 104 cards. For this, there are smaller solitaire cards that take up less space when laid out on the table, alternatively a bridge sheet or a rummy sheet without joker is used. Some simple solitaire games are also played with a 32-card Skat hand. With the exception of a very few games, these are games for one person, exceptions are, for example, the quarrel solitaire and some offshoots of the same.

Solitaire begins with the laying on of a figure, which depends on the specific solitaire. If not all cards are used, the remainder forms the talon . First you play with the cards on the table and when you can no longer make a move with these, you use the cards in the talon. The aim of almost every solitaire is to turn or discard all cards according to the rules until they are on top of one another in the given order and result in ascending or descending value sequences or until a given figure is created. The solitaire "rises" when the target figure is reached after using all cards.

The game depends very much on the order of the cards in the talon, so it is a game of patience and strategy as well as a game of chance.

Solitaire variations

There are hundreds of patience games, many of which also exist as software . The different patiences differed mainly in the starting figure and the complexity of the solutions. Many of the patience games have a long history, others have only been developed in the last few years primarily for implementation as a computer game.

Heart to heart , display after the third round. The solitaire did not come up because not all heart cards were laid out.
Variable
Counting solitaire
32 cards
The square
The eight-packet solitaire
Heart to heart
Love
The hunt
Easy game (52 cards)
Aces Up
Eight cards
Goodbye
The wheel
The square, cover up
The elf
The color elf
The good thirteen
The wedding
The clock
Thirteen times four
Fan solitaire
The butterfly
The little harp
Shunting patience
Klondike , including the harp variants
Red and black
Little Napoleon
The Berliner
Double game (104 cards)
Spider
The great harp, the beautiful harp
The braid
The royal patience
The great Napoleon
Pas de deux (for two people)
Quarrel Solitaire (for two)
Double game with jokers (110 cards)
Concealed 9s
Eighth passion
Ten Passion

Solitaire as a computer game

The FreeCell display on the computer screen

With the advent of computers, solitaire games were implemented as software very early on and some were made available to users in the form of mini-games as part of the standard equipment. These versions include the game FreeCell , which has been part of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 , and the game Klondike , which has been available since Windows 3.0 under the name Solitaire . Today there are also numerous implementations as mobile apps for smart phones and tablet computers .

The Chinese placement game Mah-Jongg was also implemented in the form of solitaire games for the game on the computer, whereby it was based more on solitaire than on the traditional game, despite the use of the Mah-Jongg pieces. The best-known version is Shanghai, developed in 1991, as well as many offshoots of the game.

literature

  • Albert H. Morehead, Geoffrey Mott-Smith: The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience. Foulsham, 1949/2001, ISBN 0-572-02654-4 .
  • David Parlett : The Penguin Book of Patience. Penguin Books, 1979, ISBN 0-14046-346-1 .
  • Pierre Crépeau: The Complete Book of Solitaire. Firefly Books, 2001, ISBN 1-55209-597-5 .
  • Hannelene Juhls: Large Patience Book. Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-05001-7 .
  • Ursula von Lyncker: The great book of patience. Bassermann'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Niedernhausen 1996, ISBN 3-8094-0234-6 .
  • Irmgard Wolter-Rosendorf: Patience in words and pictures. Falken-Verlag, Niedernhausen 1992, ISBN 3-8068-2003-1 .
  • Heinz Sosna: New patience. Falken-Verlag, Niedernhausen 1987, ISBN 3-8068-2036-8 .
  • Vojtěch Omasta: Solitaire. New and old games. Slovart-Verlag, Bratislava 1985, OCLC 313534882 .
  • Elisabeth von Sicard: Patience - Patiencen. Edition Ambra, Müllheim / Baden 2001, ISBN 3-932365-08-9 .
  • Edeltraud Mertel: The great book of patience. Keysersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-88199-352-5 .
  • Katrin Höfer: Patiencen. For beginners and advanced. New examples and variants. Tasks and solutions (= leisure & hobby ). Humboldt, Hannover 2008, ISBN 978-3-89994-182-1 .
  • Illustrated book of patience. Kern Verlag (Max Müller), Breslau 1895.

Web links

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c Patiencen. In: Erhard Gorys : The book of games. Manfred Pawlak Verlagsgesellschaft, Herrsching [1979], DNB 800105184 , p. 116.
  2. ↑ a b Vojtěch Omasta: Patience. New and old games. Slovart-Verlag, Bratislava 1985, OCLC 313534882 , p. 8.
  3. ^ A b Hugo Kastner, Gerald Kador Folkvord: The great Humboldt encyclopedia of card games (= Humboldt-Taschenbuch. Freizeit & Hobby. Volume 4058). Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2005, ISBN 3-89994-058-X , p. 249.
  4. ↑ Brenda Ralph Lewis: Card Games for One. Edition XXL, Fränkisch-Crumbach 2011, ISBN 978-3-89736-889-7 , p. 6 (translation by Andrea Meyer. Original title: Card Games for One. Amber Books 2007).
  5. ^ Adelaide Cadogan : Lady Cadogan's Illustrated Games of Solitaire or Patience. Version from 1914 (English) on gutenberg.org, book scan of the original edition from 1887 on archive.org .
  6. ↑ Hannelene Juhl's great book of patience. In: juhl.de. Dietrich Juhl, accessed on July 5, 2018 .