Pentaphragm
| Pentaphragm | ||||||||||||
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Pentaphragma begoniifolium , illustration |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
| Pentaphragmataceae | ||||||||||||
| J. Agardh | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Pentaphragm | ||||||||||||
| Wall. ex G.Don |
Pentaphragma is the only genus of the family of Pentaphragmataceae within the order of switch-like (Asterales). The areas of the species range from Southeast Asia to the Malay Archipelago . Most of the species grow in the western part of the Indonesian archipelago.
description
Appearance and leaves
Pentaphragma species are more or less succulent , perennial herbaceous plants . The above-ground parts of the plant are mostly hairy with multicellular trichomes , which are mostly branched.
The alternate and two lines to the stems disposed leaves are simple, they are in many species at the base asymmetrically . The leaf margins are completely to toothed. Stipules are missing. The stomata are more or less anomocytic (surrounded by three or four cells that are not very different from the other epidermal cells ).
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers stand together in zymose inflorescences . Most species have only hermaphroditic flowers, a few species also unisexual, these species are polygamomonözisch . The sessile, mostly five-fold flowers are radial symmetry to weakly zygomorphic . The two bract circles are clearly different. Of the five relatively large sepals , two are larger and three are smaller. There are usually five petals , sometimes only four; they are not fused together and each is deeply lobed. There is only one circle with mostly five, if only four petals are present then there are only four stamens, fertile stamens that are free from each other but are often partially fused with other parts of the flower. The nectar secretion takes place between the flower cup (hypanthium) and the ovary. Two to three pistils have become an under constant ovary grown. The stylus ends in a cephalic or conical scar.
fruit
The closing fruits are fleshy berries .
Systematics and distribution
The first description of the genus pentaphragma was made in 1834 by Nathaniel Wallich in David Don : A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants , 3, p 731 with the type species pentaphragma begoniifolia Wall. ex G.Don. The Pentaphragmataceae family was established in 1858 by Jakob Georg Agardh in Theoria Systematis Plantarum , p. 95. This genus was formerly the family of Bellflower Family filed (Campanulaceae).
The distribution area extends from southern China (two species), Vietnam and Thailand via Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines to Borneo and Papua New Guinea . Western Malesia is the center of biodiversity.
There are around 25 to 30 types of pentaphragms (selection):
- Pentaphragma acuminatum Airy Shaw : It occurs on Borneo .
- Pentaphragma bartlettii Merrill : It was first described from Sumatra.
- Pentaphragma begoniifolium Wall.
- Pentaphragma decurrens Airy Shaw : It occurs on Borneo.
- Pentaphragma horsfieldii (miq.) Airy Shaw
- Pentaphragma insigne Airy Shaw : It occurs in Borneo.
- Pentaphragma integrifolium Merr. : It was first described from Sumatra.
- Pentaphragma jaherii Airy Shaw : It occurs in Borneo.
- Pentaphragma lambirense Kiev : It occurs in Borneo.
- Pentaphragma longisepalum Kiev : It occurs on Borneo.
- Pentaphragma prostratum Kiev : It occurs on Borneo.
- Pentaphragma sinense Hemsl. & EHWilson : It isnative tosouthern Yunnan (Hekou, Pingbian, Xishuangbanna) and northern Vietnam.
- Pentaphragma spicatum Merr. (Syn .: Pentaphragma corniculatum Chun & F.Chun ): It thrives in tropical forests in ravines and in dense forests at altitudes of about 1400 meters in southwest Guangdong (Xinyi), southern Guangxi (Daxin, Dongxing, Shiwan Dashan) and Hainan ( Baisha, Baoting).
- Pentaphragma spathulisepalum Airy Shaw : It occurs in Borneo.
- Pentaphragma tenuiflorum Airy Shaw : It occurs on Borneo.
- Pentaphragma tetrapetalum Airy Shaw : It occurs in Borneo.
- Pentaphragma viride Stapf & MLGreen : It occurs in Borneo.
swell
- The family of Pentaphragmataceae in APWebsite . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Pentaphragmataceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
- Deyuan Hong & Nicholas J. Turland: Pentaphragmataceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 564-565 (English, “ Pentaphragmataceae - Family and Genus Online ” - online text is identical to the printed work; printed work - full text online). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Deyuan Hong & Nicholas J. Turland: Pentaphragmataceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 564-565 (English, “ Pentaphragmataceae - Family and Genus Online ” - online text is identical to the printed work; printed work - full text online).
- ↑ a b c d The family of Pentaphragmataceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz.
- ^ Pentaphragmataceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 19, 2011.
- ^ Pentaphragmataceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. last viewed on June 19, 2011
- ↑ a b c R. Kiev: Three new species of pentaphragma from borneo. , In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 45, Issue 3, 1990, pp. 545-554.
