Perversions of women

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Perversions of women (original: Mother, madonna, whore ) is the title of an anthropological and sexual science non-fiction book by the British-Argentinean psychoanalyst Estela Welldon .

Welldon is the founder of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy (IAFP), which specializes in the treatment of sexually conspicuous and delinquent people, and was one of the first in 1988 to research, teach and publish about female perversions . In her book, she conceived a psychopathology of women that can be associated with child abuse , incest , prostitution or self-harming behavior , among other things . For a long time, these phenomena were not understood as possible symptoms of perversion . Although perversion is based on the same psychodynamics in women as in men , it differs significantly in appearance ( phenomenology ) and symptoms from male perversion, as described, for example, by Robert Stoller in his book Perversion - The erotic form of hatred .

Historical classification

Little was known about the perversion of women until the late 1980s. “It was only in about 20 years,” according to the sexologist Sophinette Becker in 2002, that female perversion had become a topic in sexology and psychoanalysis . “This noticeable delay” expresses “the long-held conviction that, with few exceptions, there are no perversions in women”.

Under the title The female body self and the perversion , Becker announced in 2005 that perversions in women had not been recognized “because they were looked for in the wrong place”. It is now known that perversion is “not the domain of men”, it just has “a different face”. Women would externalize sexual aggression differently than men. And because the body is of particular importance in the development of women, this peculiarity must be taken into account when researching female perversions.

Structure of the book

The book has seven chapters. The preface by an employee of the now closed Frankfurt Institute for Sexology takes up a selection of the central theses in three sections. In her thanks, which Welldon puts ahead of her scientific considerations, she thanks not only the people who accompanied her professionally and personally on her way through this topic, but also her patients to whom she dedicated this book. An extensive bibliography and an index follow an epilogue . Among the numerous authors cited by Welldon are a number of prominent women, such as the feminist Simone de Beauvoir , Marie Bonaparte , Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel and Helene Deutsch , who was the first psychoanalyst to specifically deal with female sexuality. Karen Horney was one of the first women to study medicine in Germany. She countered Freud's doctrine of penis envy with a concept of male envy of pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood. Joyce McDougall , in her book The Plea for Certain Abnormality , suggested a revision of Freud's concept of perversion. They all have their say at Welldon.

content

"Motherhood is the central theme of this book - motherhood with all its power for good and, at times, perversions." The starting point of Welldon's scientific considerations is the power with which mothers are endowed and which, on the one hand, and because of the high social expectations because of their own emotional problems, on the other hand, could lead to excessive demands and as a result to abuse of maternal power. "This book is a study of the neglected area of ​​female perversions," writes Welldon, based on twenty years of "clinical experience with women." Theoretically, Welldon is based on the concepts of object relationship theory from Melanie Klein and others. With the publication of her book she hoped that it could be useful as a stimulus for diagnostic considerations and help women overcome their great shame and begin to speak about things they prefer to remain silent about.

Preface

Sophinette Becker wrote the foreword to the editions under the new title Perversionen der Frau . It brings the initially low reception of Welldon's book a. a. with the title of the German first edition in connection -  Mutter, Madonna, Hure. Glorification and humiliation of the mother and the woman  - which did not suggest any direct conclusions about the topic of perversion and was changed with the 2003 edition. Welldon went back to the considerations presented by Stoller in 1975 as well as to the image of the "seal" in mental equilibrium that Fritz Morgenthaler had provided for an understanding of the perversions in 1974. For Stoller, the perversion of man expresses erotic hatred and Welldon shares this interpretative understanding of the psychodynamics of female perversion.

“New and central to Welldon's understanding of perversion is [...] her 'body criterion', which says that in the case of perverse actions the body must be occupied and this means something different for women than it does for men: with women the whole becomes Body, the uterus , the child as part of their body or the body of the child is fetishized. "

- Sophinette Becker : Perversions of women

Sexual perversion of women

Welldon begins her first chapter with reflections on the early days of psychoanalysis and its understanding of female sexuality. According to Welldon, Freud was “a genius”, but was unable “to give sufficient insight into the complexity of the development of the libido in both sexes.” The early psychoanalytic assumptions about human sexuality were based on the phallus “ as the genital organ par excellence ”and the“ situation of the child in a triangular relationship ”. The woman was conceived as a non-man, as it were. When Freud admitted that female sexuality was a “riddle” to him, some analysts had contributed fruitful and also original ideas, but they always met with “disapproval”. It was no different for Karen Horney, who opposed the implicit assumption that half of the human race must be dissatisfied with their gender role. For her and her colleagues, a girl was not a creature who lacked a penis. So they could have written about girls' vaginal sensations and recognized him as having “a sense of femininity from the start”. Horney and her colleagues had erected an “alternative theoretical building”, but “they could not achieve anything with it” - “The rule of the phallus had been accepted without reservation and was henceforth undeniable and irrefutable”. The social psychologist Rolf Pohl spoke of the fact that "the entire male sexuality [...] has been penified and phallocated to a certain extent".

Later the early theoretical approaches were taken up again, "whereby this initiative came primarily from the women's movement and not from the psychoanalytic world". Only in the 1980s were u. a. von Chasseguet-Smirgel or McDougall published theories about female sexuality and female perversions, which were then taken seriously in the psychoanalytic community. They replaced the previously "common view" that there could be no perversion in women because they had no penis.

Welldon names the “goal” of the perverse behavior as the most important difference between male and female perversion. In the case of the man it is directed towards an external object - called a partial object - while in the case of the woman it is directed towards an internal object, i.e. against herself, her own body or “against an object that she regards as being created by herself: her child”.

Regardless of gender, people with a perversion share the more or less conscious conviction that they have been denied “the joy of developing into an independent personality with their own identity”. They would have “not experienced the freedom to be themselves”. The feeling of not being wanted, of having no protection and of not receiving any attention, had set in early in her life and evoked a great deal of hatred for her mother.

With increasing understanding, the mothers were blamed. However, this overlooks the fact that these mothers were once victims themselves. "Through their behavior they victimize and humiliate others, just as they used to be."

In order to understand female perversion, it is necessary to free oneself from a number of assumptions that are apparently difficult to give up. Society glorified motherhood, and still the possibility of maternal incest is seldom admitted, while paternal incest is not in doubt.

Welldon understands female perversion as a multigenerational process and considers it necessary to keep three generations in mind when examining the phenomenon. As a rule, when women become mothers, they have to cope with being a mother without being adequately prepared and often enough without having dealt with their own needs as children. Society expects mother, according to Welldon, "to behave as if she had a magic wand that would enable her [...] to deal with the new needs of motherhood with infallible skill". But the "cruelty of despair, despondency and inadequacy can all too easily turn into hatred and revenge against the newborn child," says Welldon.

She closes her first chapter with a look at bridges that have yet to be built:

“The more women I listen to struggle with their particular problems - mostly hopelessly -, the greater my conviction that, as a humane society, we bridge the gap between what we already know about female sexuality and the whole truth about women and their changeable sexual experiences have to bridge. "

- Estela Welldon : Perversions of Woman

Sexuality and female body

In the relationship between people and their sexual organs , men and women differ fundamentally. According to Welldon, the woman is “in a completely different situation” from the man, because she has known since the development of gender identity that her reproductive organ during sexual intercourse can cause a pregnancy that changes her body “drastically, if only temporarily” and “ have a lasting impact on their whole life ”. For women, the sexual act has a “different dimension” than for men, and that is why they are “more clearly based on the reality principle ”, while in these contexts the man is more inclined to the pleasure principle .

Femininity is generally associated with the use of the body and masculinity with intellectual achievements. In relation to the intellect, "the bitter power that is assigned to the female body and femininity" is great. The woman's body is “intended to contain another living body”, which is why femininity is difficult to separate from motherhood.

Welldon quotes Luce Irigaray , who connects the "richness of female sexuality" with the ability of women to feel pleasure "almost anywhere " on their body, which means that "the landscape of their pleasure" is more varied and diverse, more complex and subtle than is generally accepted. In the case of perverse women, these “diverse sources of pleasure” could then become the “center of self-inflicted pain” in the course of the developing disease process.

According to Welldon, “the power of the womb” distinguishes women from men, and just as this power can “produce love, fulfillment and security” in the best case scenario, the opposite is also possible in the worst case.

The power of the womb

The perversion of women can only be understood if it is no longer viewed as “a parallel to the psychopathology of men”. The woman's ability to bear children is "fundamentally different from everything [...] what the man experiences". Boys would - according to Welldon, referring to Erikson - "mostly use the outer space", while girls "put the emphasis on the inner space". The “inner space”, in this case the uterus , provides the woman with only her possible experience, which is a phenomenon next to her “biological clock” as the second significant phenomenon. With the biological clock , Welldon responds to menarche , menses and menopause , the experience of which is also exclusive and the effects of which are “intertwined”.

In various critical phases of a woman's development, the inner space is more in the foreground of the experience - how u. a. in puberty  - in others, such as the time of menarche, more the biological clock . She quotes the Russian-British psychoanalyst Dinora Pines, who drew attention to the difference between wanting to become pregnant and wanting to have a child and become a mother. The desire to become pregnant arises “very early in the life of a girl”, but is not identical to the desire to become a mother.

Welldon pays particular attention to the development of female gender identity. Its core is largely shaped by the infant's early relationship with the mother and the question of whether or not she was able to recognize his gender from birth. Boys have it easier than girls with the solution from identifying with their mother, and the penis envy , which is often called out, relates less to the physical organ than to the “dominant position that man occupies in the world”. Mothers would love to show themselves with their teenage son, while with their possibly even attractive daughter they feel “degraded and neglected”, especially when the mothers are approaching menopause. They let their daughters feel this hurt, which may be passed on over generations in the way of a so-called transgenerational transmission , according to Welldon's observations sometimes over three generations. This maternal experience, which is passed on to the daughters but not to the sons, influences the question of what it means for a woman to "wear the opposite sex in her own body" and what it means when in this one inner space grow into a rival.

From menarche to menopause, the life of a woman is ruled by the internal clock , which triggers the "hope of pregnancy or the fear of it". That is why "women stand firmly on the ground of the reality principle". The first bleeding heralds fertility and then a woman is hopefully or fearfully reminded of it every four weeks. Accordingly, the end of the reproductive function is welcomed or experienced as a severe loss.

With menopause, says Welldon, the two phenomena of internal space and the biological clock are linked in a special way. Menopause is "a burden that is exclusive to women". If the woman loses her ability to reproduce with age, “the man in his own remains untouched”. This brings with it an increased narcissistic vulnerability of the woman compared to the man , because the man's fertility does not cease. A man can, if he wants, start a new family with children at an advanced age, a woman cannot.

Welldon closes this chapter with a few remarks about the often traumatic experience of the loss of the uterus through a hysterectomy , which men often cannot understand because they lack this all-important inner space . “To be robbed of the womb” is like “suffering a true loss of power, as only a woman can experience”.

Motherhood as a perversion

Women can develop numerous forms of perversion. One is related to motherhood and a woman's reaction to the gender of her child. Three generations are involved. The central question is whether the mother can recognize the gender of her child or not.

Welldon relies on Winnicott when she stresses the dependence of child development on the care of a mother who enjoys helping her children "develop into independent and confident people with their own unique qualities." Not all children receive such care, and some suffer the opposite. The existence of "perverse motherhood" has not been recognized for a long time. Welldon was made aware of this by male patients sharing what had happened to them in their childhood and women talking about their relationships with their children.

Greenson had emphasized how much security in one's own gender identity is rooted in the child's early identifications, and these can be encouraged or hindered by the mother. The mother of a boy must encourage his detachment from her and be ready to allow him to identify with the father figure. Leslie Martin Lothstein, for example, was able to show in a study of 125 patients that mothers of female and male transsexual persons experienced the gender equality of their daughters in one case and the gender difference of their sons in the other as a "threat to their personal integrity". Margaret Mahler pointed out the important role that the father plays in these developmental steps of a child, which serve the separation and individuation .

Phyllis Greenacre learned in her work with sexually perverse patients that there was a “significant developmental disorder” in their first two years of life and that “individuation” had been undermined. Welldon said they observed that "mothers who show perverse tendencies toward their children" "do so within the first two years of their children's lives." According to Jessica Benjamin, it is precisely this time that is very important for the development of a secure gender identity , namely that part that is referred to as the “core gender identity”.

For women who have “had painful and traumatic experiences”, the mother function offers the opportunity to “completely master” a situation and thus “a breeding ground for the exploitation and abuse of their children”: “This is how mothers of beaten children, mothers, arise by transsexuals and - above all - by male sexual perverts. "These mothers are not in a position to recognize the gender of their children because as babies they had to experience" being humiliated because of their femininity ". The recognition of the gender of a child by its mother is of "very great importance" for the development of its gender identity.

If mothers seek help with what can be described as perverse maternal behavior, Welldon believes that they are often not correctly diagnosed "because society glorifies motherhood and refuses to even consider that it can also have its downsides." “A lot is expected of women, but under no circumstances should they satisfy themselves sexually on the body of a child,” wrote sociologist Barbara Kavemann.

Finally, Welldon recalls literary models about women with deviant motherliness, such as Iokaste or Medea . However, with rare exceptions, the literature has been concerned with understanding the psychopathology of sons rather than the pathology of their mothers.

Perverted motherhood must be viewed as "the product of emotional instability and inadequate individuation caused by a process that spans at least three generations," summarizes Welldon. Neither the mothers nor their children are helped if “we glorify motherhood so blindly and turn a blind eye to the fact that in some cases mothers can behave perversely”.

Mothers who commit incest

In comparison with incestuous fathers, mothers who commit incest are seldom the object of scientific research and theory development. This brings Welldon to the question "why we are so vigilant about the dangers of fatherly incest while we are not aware of those of maternal incest". It is a “stubborn tendency” when women are always viewed as the “weaker sex”, “always seen as victims of sexual assault and never as perpetrators”. This different perception could be caused by possible influences of the countertransference , about which there are “practically no” publications in this context. Ramon Ganzarain and Bonnie Buchele had drawn attention to this in the International Journal of Group Psychotherapy .

Whoever seduces a child was “often the victim of seduction in the past,” writes Welldon in an effort to make the process recognizable in its processual form. Of the defense mechanisms involved in incest , she emphasizes division , projective identification and sexualization . She would find it disappointing again and again if there were publications about incestuous mothers, but neither “the mother's perverse psychopathological situation” was recognized, nor “reflections in this regard” were made. Selma Kramer, for example, defined maternal incest, but, according to Welldon's assessment, described it as "in reality a variety of female perversion". Kramer had also dealt with the question of why there was a unanimous willingness among the authors of relevant publications on the one hand to recognize paternal incest and on the other hand an unmistakable reluctance to call sexual stimulation by the mother incest.

Maternal incest often only comes to light “when the children begin to openly show violence” and are brought to counseling centers because the parents are afraid. Mothers would be relatively willing to report “incestuous feelings and actions towards their daughters”, while mother-son incest tends to be learned from the sons' past. Because the consequences of maternal incest differ depending on the sex of the child victim, Welldon deals with both mother-daughter incest and briefly on mother-son incest.

As an example of mother-daughter incest, she chose the medical history of a patient whose mother was very intrusive, could never leave her alone and had manually satisfied her “from a very young age”. As part of a third-party anamnesis, the mother confirmed her daughter's reports with the comment that she wanted to calm her down in this way and that it was “easier than with a pacifier”. The daughter developed into a woman who molested other women in a very intrusive way, exposing herself to them. For the exhibitionistic behavior of women, Welldon emphasizes the difference to male exhibitionism , which is also compulsively, but almost without exception, practiced in front of strange women, while Welldon's patient exclusively chose women whom she knew and at the same time female authorities as victims, for whom she felt strong affection. but they were "extremely annoying".

Another patient processed her mother's hatred, which overtook her solely because she was a girl, through her subsequent job as a prostitute and thus through a trade that helped her “to be valued for her feminine body while she was together had previously felt humiliated for his sake ”.

As an example of a mother-son incest, Welldon chose the story of a boy who was masturbated by his mother while bathing from the age of six and later developed a "polymorphic-perverse sexual psychopathology".

The whore as a symbolic mother

It is "impossible to understand the phenomenon of prostitution" if the focus is only on one of the people involved. On the question of why more women than men prostitute themselves, the French psychoanalyst Béla Grunberger would have pointed out that women offer themselves sexually in order to be loved, while men love in order to be satisfied.

Welldon believes that unconsciously early mother-son relationship would reenacts when men and women encounter in prostitution, which is both parties to the symbolic content of the toilet training go.

In the perception of no fewer men, women are either “Madonna” or “whore” and some of them seek out prostitutes in order to be able to have “good sex” with their wives. A “deep-seated hatred” of the mother is usually not conscious and is just as unconsciously deposited with the prostitute. Other men seek out a prostitute to protect their wives from the "fantasized sadistic attacks" against their own mother.

When it comes to prostitution, both sides want to assume a “position of power” and both are convinced that they actually have the say. An “illusory situation based on secret consent” is created and an attempt is made to symbolically restore the early mother-child unity: “I maintain that the prostitute and the suitor are psychologically and physically involved in an act determined by revenge and humiliation against the mother become partners. This intimate and anonymous complicity gives both a certain degree of satisfaction and reassurance. "

The self-esteem has been damaged in childhood. In order to regulate it, prostitutes go looking for customers because that could serve to regulate self-esteem. In addition to women who engage in prostitution more or less regularly or who earn their living with it, there are others who only indulge in it in fantasies and daydreams . Women from all walks of life would report on this.

If the prostitute with her suitor is together, they watch as it is typical of a perversion and was described by Stoller for the male perversion, a "high feeling". However, depression and despair would not be long in coming. Of the defense mechanisms involved, denial , division, depersonalization, and derealization are highlighted.

A prostitute does not harbor revenge against men "as is generally claimed"; instead, she feels contempt for herself and her gender.

The whore as a surrogate mother

Welldon calls people who were victims of incestuous attacks in their childhood "survivors of incest". In order to avoid misunderstandings, she emphasizes several times that her communications do not mean that all incest victims would become prostitutes, or, conversely, that all prostitutes had incest experiences. Also, not all girls with a previous incest story would have to struggle with serious consequential damage. Most, however, would react either with an “exaggeration of the libido or with the complete suppression of sexuality”. Here are promiscuity and sexual cold as the two most common damages not "opposite phenomena" but linked: usually go promiscuity with frigidity and prostitution with sexual coldness associated.

The proportion of prostitutes with a history of early incest fluctuates between 20 and 70 percent in various scientific studies. That shows the numbers either as "questionable" or shows how difficult it is to collect them.

Incest has “a tremendous effect”, which is why the countertransference - that is, the helping person's own inner response - requires special attention for helping relationships. The importance of family dynamics cannot be overestimated either. In this context, reports are made of mothers “who knew about it and at the same time knew nothing”, of mothers who did not believe their daughters or who abused them after confiding in themselves, and of the taboo of silence. Often the event is kept silent by both those involved and those who knew it, sometimes for years. With the secrecy, after the collapse of the incest taboo , a new taboo will be established in its place, as the Ciba Foundation announced in the context of its research. It is revealed when incest is no longer necessary for family dynamics.

Because incest is seen in the effort to “keep the family together”, the question arises whether prostitution could be a symbolic act of keeping the family or one's own personality together. On the basis of numerous individual fates, Welldon shows the connection she observed between the experience of girls in their childhood and the effects on adult women, who often reveal a sometimes bizarre contradiction in skills: Successful at work, possibly as an academic, can be successful nevertheless spreading despair and hopelessness with the consequence of feeling "pathetic".

“Usually,” Welldon writes, the cases she describes would be diagnosed as neurotic disorders . But because these women often inflict such great physical and psychological damage on themselves and even abuse their bodies and sometimes to the point of self-mutilation , a perversion is more likely to be a diagnostic category.

The typical background includes “a withdrawn and depressed mother” on the one hand and an insecure, demanding, violent and sexually needy father on the other. In such a family situation, the daughter runs the risk of slipping into the role of the mother of her own mother and of her father's lover. The inner world of such a child can only reveal chaos. And in such a way a girl cannot grow emotionally even though she is sexually mature.

If the prostitute tries to regulate her self-esteem by recruiting new customers, this is doomed to failure from the start, because the establishment of a relationship is not based on love , but rather hate . Incest initially gives a lot, but "then takes everything away all at once". As one Welldon patient put it: "I hate women and distrust men". And as a result, these women despise each other and loathe their bodies.

epilogue

Estela Welldon closes her book with some general remarks on the subject and on her communications. It is important to her to understand the word perversion as a recognized clinical term that indicates that the person concerned feels “subject to compulsive behavior in which unconscious hostility plays a role”. She repeatedly emphasizes that not every incest victim later pursues prostitution and not every prostitute is incest victim. Also, not every victim of perverted actions must later behave perverted himself. And of course the perverted mother is an exception. But such constellations are still too seldom thought of. With her book, Welldon hopes to have created some prerequisites for accurate diagnosis and for an understanding of the psychodynamics of the phenomenon of female sexuality, which is still puzzling in many facets, on the one hand, and female perversion on the other. Her last sentence: "Never underestimate the power of a mother."

Review and reception

Monika Gsell , psychoanalyst and employee in the Gender Studies department at the University of Zurich , wrote a detailed review, which she introduced with the remark that Sophinette Becker's foreword would arouse expectations "which the book is in no way able to meet". Welldon couldn't convince her.

For Gsell it is “puzzling” how it is possible that “two clever and therapeutically experienced sexologists” could argue so “biologically” . She does not express any doubts about her own understanding.

Gsell believes it is wrong that both Becker and Welldon do not use "the concept of the phallus" for their considerations, which, according to their understanding, is "indispensable for a genuinely psychoanalytic justification of gender difference". In her criticism she becomes polemical when she insinuates that the woman should "kindly" limit herself to her physicality in Welldon's concept. She accuses Welldon of underestimating the female imagination. She concludes that there is no need to “pick up the book”, Becker's foreword is sufficient and that can also be read in the Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung .

Ten years later, in 2013, the psychoanalyst Sabine Cassel-Bähr was still compelled to point out how much the “evident differences between male and female perversion” in “psychoanalytic discourse over decades have only been little discussed”. Welldon's concept of a “perversion of motherhood”, in which the “reproductive functions would be fetishized ”, would “ultimately remain in the area of ​​the different physical-biological conditions of the sexes”, but Cassel-Bähr would be an occasion to take into account the “gender-specific different design of the positive and negative Oedipus complex ”. For this she chose the title The First Cut Is the Deepest .

Book editions

  • Estela V. Welldon: Mother, Madonna, Whore. Idealization and Denigration of Motherhood . Free Association Books, London 1988, ISBN 1-85343-039-0 (English).
  • Estela V. Welldon: mother, Madonna, whore. Glorification and humiliation of the mother and the woman . Bonz, Waiblingen 1992, ISBN 3-87089-352-4 (English: Mother, madonna, whore . London 1988. Translated by Detlev Rybotycky).
  • Estela V. Welldon: Perversions of Woman . With a foreword by Sophinette Becker (=  contributions to sex research . Volume 82 ). Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003, ISBN 3-89806-164-7 (English: Mother, madonna, whore . London 1988. Translated by Detlev Rybotycky, first edition: Free Association Books).
  • Estela V. Welldon: Perversions of Woman . With a foreword by Sophinette Becker (=  contributions to sex research . Volume 82 ). 2nd edition of the new edition 2003. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8379-2366-7 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Welldon wrote her book at a time when a binary view of the sexes was the norm in science and people with diverse gender identities were generally not mentioned separately. See in this context u. a. also Angela Moré: On the gender specifics of (neuro) psychological and psychosomatic disorders from the perspective of pediatric psychology . In: Anita Rieder , Brigitte Lohff (Ed.): Gender Medicine. Gender-specific aspects for clinical practice . 2. revised and exp. Springer, Vienna, New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-211-68289-0 , pp. 89-106 . The registration of gender differences in medicine is "still in its infancy", according to Moré in 2008 on p. 90 of her publication. Research into reproductive functions and their significance for people with diverse gender identities is pending, as is research into their possible perversions.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. Retrieved June 3, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Estela V. Welldon: Mother, Madonna, Whore. Idealization and Denigration of Motherhood . Free Association Books, London 1988, ISBN 1-85343-039-0 (English, the article is based on the German edition from 2003).
  3. ↑ Sophinette Becker: Female perversion . In: Journal for Sexual Research . tape 15 , no. 4 , 2002, p. 281-301 , doi : 10.1055 / s-2002-36615 .
  4. ↑ a b Sophinette Becker : The female body self and the perversion. Why women externalize sexual aggression differently than men . In: Forum of Psychoanalysis . No.  3 , 2005, doi : 10.1007 / s00451-005-0248-3 .
  5. ↑ Workshop: Female Perversions with Sophinette Becker (Frankfurt) . Vienna April 25, 2015 ( meduniwien.ac.at [PDF; 255  kB ; accessed on January 26, 2020]).
  6. ^ Klaus Podak: Institute for Sexology at the end. "Without perversion, love would be a wasteland" . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . May 19, 2010 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed June 3, 2020]).
  7. ↑ Joyce McDougall : Plea for a certain abnormality . Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2001, ISBN 3-89806-113-2 .
  8. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 88
  9. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 19
  10. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 25
  11. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 29
  12. ^ Sophinette Becker: Foreword . In: Estela Welldon: Perversionen der Frau (=  contributions to sex research . Volume 82 ). Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003, ISBN 3-89806-164-7 , p. I-XIII .
  13. ^ A b Robert J. Stoller: Perversion. The erotic form of hatred (=  library of psychoanalysis ). 3rd revised edition. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8379-2391-9 (English: Perversion. The erotic Form of Hatred . New York 1975. Translated by Maria Poelchau).
  14. ^ Fritz Morgenthaler : The position of the perversions in metapsychology and technology . In: Psyche . tape  28 , 1974, p. 1077-1098 .
  15. ^ Sophinette Becker: Foreword . In: Estela Welldon: Perversionen der Frau (=  contributions to sex research . Volume 82 ). Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003, ISBN 3-89806-164-7 , p. VI .
  16. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 13
  17. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 14
  18. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 15
  19. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 16
  20. ^ Rolf Pohl : Woman as an enemy. Male sexuality, violence and the defense of the feminine . Offizin, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-930345-36-6 , p.  229 f . (Quoted from Isabelle Hannemann: About the dark in the dark continent. Blank spaces in the construct 'female identity' . In: Psychologie und Gesellschaftskritik . Volume 36/37, No. 4/1, p. 137).
  21. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 17
  22. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 20
  23. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 22
  24. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 24
  25. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 31
  26. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 34
  27. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 35
  28. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 37
  29. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 38
  30. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 39
  31. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 42
  32. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 45
  33. ↑ Luce Irigaray : The sex that is not one . Merve-Verlag, Berlin 1979, ISBN 3-88396-001-2 , p.  28 (French: Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un . Translated by Eva Meyer, Heidi Paris, quoted from Estela Welldon: Perversionen der Frau. 2003, p. 54).
  34. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 55
  35. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 63
  36. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 64
  37. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 65
  38. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 66
  39. ↑ Dinora Pines: The relevance of early psychic development to pregnancy and abortion . In: The international Journal of Psychoanalysis . tape 63 , no. 3 , 1982, pp. 311-319 , PMID 7129777 (English).
  40. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 67
  41. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 68
  42. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 69
  43. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 85
  44. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 77
  45. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 79
  46. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 80
  47. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 86
  48. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 92
  49. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 89
  50. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 91
  51. ↑ Leslie Martin Lothstein: Psycho Dynamics and sociodynamics of gender-dysphoric states . In: American Journal of Psychotherapy . tape 33 , 1979, pp. 214–238 , doi : 10.1176 / appi.psychotherapy.1979.33.2.214 (English, quoted from Estela Welldon: Perversionen der Frau. 2003, p. 95).
  52. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 92
  53. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 92
  54. ↑ Jessica Benjamin : Imagination and Gender. Studies on idealization, recognition and difference . Stroemfeld, Basel 1993, ISBN 3-86109-101-1 , p.  16 .
  55. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 103
  56. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 104
  57. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 108
  58. ↑ Barbara Kavemann: "That messes up my worldview". Women as perpetrators in the feminist discussion of sexual violence . In: Michele Elliot (ed.): Women as perpetrators. Sexual abuse of girls and boys . Donna Vita, Ruhnmark 1995, ISBN 3-927796-41-7 , pp. 17 (English: Female sexual abuse of children . Translated by Karin Ayche, quoted from Isabelle Hannemann: About the dark in the dark continent. Empty spaces in the construct 'female identity' . In: Psychologie und Gesellschaftskritik . Volume 36/37, No. 4 / 1, p. 127).
  59. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 113
  60. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 114
  61. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 137
  62. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 116
  63. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 123
  64. ↑ Ramon Ganzarain, Bonnie Buchele: Countertransference when incest is the problem . In: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy . tape 36 , no. 4 , 1986, pp. 549–566 , doi : 10.1080 / 00207284.1986.11490925 (English, youtube.com [accessed on July 30, 2020] presentation on YouTube).
  65. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 127
  66. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 129
  67. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 124
  68. ↑ Selma Kramer: Object-coercive doubting. A pathological defensive response to maternal incest . In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . tape 31 , 1980, pp. 325-351 (English).
  69. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 132
  70. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 126
  71. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 133
  72. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 128
  73. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 135
  74. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 138
  75. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 142
  76. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 144
  77. ^ Béla Grunberger : Outline for a study of narcissism in female sexuality . In: Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (Ed.): Female Sexuality . Karnac, London 1985, pp.  68–83 (English, cited p. 70 after Estela Welldon: Perversionen der Frau. 2003, p. 144).
  78. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 146
  79. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 147
  80. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 148
  81. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 149
  82. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 152
  83. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 154
  84. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 155
  85. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 156
  86. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 168
  87. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 170
  88. ↑ a b Estela Welldon: Perversions of women. 2003, p. 171
  89. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 172
  90. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 173
  91. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 174
  92. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 175
  93. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 176
  94. ^ Ciba Foundation: Child Sexual Abuse Within the Family . Ed .: Ruth Porter (=  Social science paperbacks . Volume 287 ). Tavistock Publications, London 1984, ISBN 978-0-415-04292-5 , pp. 13 (English).
  95. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 180
  96. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 177
  97. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 187
  98. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 193
  99. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 196
  100. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 198
  101. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 199
  102. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 202
  103. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 203
  104. ↑ Estela Welldon: Perversions of the woman. 2003, p. 206
  105. ↑ Monika Gsell, Dr. In: Asia-Orient Institute. University of Zurich, accessed on August 3, 2020 .
  106. ↑ a b Monika Gsell : Female perversion and the denial of the phallus. Review . In: Freie Universität Berlin (Hrsg.): Querelles-Net review magazine for women and gender studies . No.  11 , 2003, ISSN  1862-054X ( querelles-net.de [accessed August 3, 2020]).
  107. ^ Sabine Cassel-Bähr: "The first cut is the deepest". The meaning of the negative Oedipus complex for perversion in women . In: Psyche . tape 67 , no. 4 , 2013, ISSN  0033-2623 ( klett-cotta.de [accessed on August 3, 2020] Quotes taken from the abstract).