Perversion - The erotic form of hatred

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Perversion - The erotic form of hatred (original: Perversion - The erotic form of hatred ) is the title of an anthropological and sexual science book by the psychoanalyst Robert Stoller . It was first published in New York in 1975, published four years later in a German translation, and the third edition was published in 2014.

With this work, Stoller presented his fourth book on the development of human gender identity , which at the time of its first publication in sexology and beyond was still understood as binary . Prior to that, Stoller had been concerned with the question of how masculinity and femininity develop for more than 20 years , before he turned to the question of the possible consequences of an insecure gender identity.

Historical classification

Sexology is one of the young scientific disciplines. Volkmar Sigusch summarized its 150-year history in his book on the history of sexology in 2008 .

Apart from early forerunners, in the 18th century poets began to name bodily processes of sexuality. The most famous representative of this time was the Marquis de Sade . Doctors began to address this issue in the 19th century. They presented descriptions and inventories, inventories and classifications, while ethical aspects were decisive. In 1886 Richard von Krafft-Ebing , the protagonist of this period, published his Psychopathia sexualis . It is considered to be the first complete sexual medicine presentation, but is almost exclusively a study of sexual perversions .

In the 20th century - now sexologists of various professional backgrounds - institutes were founded, theories developed, research carried out and specialist journals published. Prior to this, Freud had published his Three Essays on Sexual Theory in 1905 . Even if this book caused a “scientific scandal” in its time, its attempt to understand sexual reactions and forms of expression paved the way for the development of theories that help to reconcile the meaning and content of sexual experiences in general and sexual perversions in the Let the special understand.

After the first institute for sexology in Germany was smashed by the National Socialists in 1933 , Hans Giese founded a private sexology institute in Frankfurt am Main after 1945 and founded the German Society for Sexual Research in 1950 and thus the oldest of the specialist societies in Germany, which later became her scientific organ that published contributions to sex research . He later became head of the Institute for Sexual Research at the University of Hamburg and in 1973 described the appearance of the perversions differentiated with seven main symptoms.

As part of a fundamental change in sexual morality that was linked to the 1968 movement , there were social changes that were initially captured in the term sexual revolution and subsequently referred to as the neosexual revolution . Stoller published his book in the middle of the time of the sexual revolution.

The term

“The expression perversion is used to document the abominations in our culture, from apartheid to the neutron bomb to the Holocaust. Sexology, on the other hand, regards perversions as something specific to humans and only diagnoses them if certain clinical criteria are met. "

- Volkmar Sigusch : Deutsches Ärzteblatt

Stoller deals with these criteria in his book and, like Sigusch, adheres to the concept of perversion, which considers the modern concept of paraphilia to be trivialized because it is “about risks and catastrophes and often life and death “Go.

construction

Embedded in an introduction , a 155-title bibliography and a name and subject index, Stoller structures his book with three parts and a total of twelve chapters. In the first part with the heading Definition , it deals with the term in four chapters. In the second part -  Dynamics: Trauma, Hostility, Risk and Vengeance  - he unfolds the core of his theoretical beliefs about perversion in five chapters. The third part is entitled Social Issues and, in three chapters, is devoted to more general and sometimes philosophical considerations on selected aspects of the topic.

content

Although his theoretical basis is psychoanalysis , Stoller largely dispenses with technical terms in his book or explains them if unavoidable. He does not want to present a complete theory of perversion. He understands his communications as preliminary:

"Take the book as food for thought that invites you to consider, counter and examine."

definition

Deviation, variant and perversion

Stoller dedicates the first part of his book to the definitional distinction between the three terms deviation , variant and perversion , whereby he avowedly prefers to rely more on clinical data than on theories.

"By deviation I mean here an erotic technique or a combination of techniques that are used in place of the complete sexual act and that differ from the respective culture-related definition of the normal."

Stoller introduces deviation as a generic term under which he subsumes the other two. He understands variants to mean deviations that do no harm and to which he counts, for example, sexual experiments carried out out of curiosity or under the influence of drugs, as well as deviating sexual behaviors that result from sexual need, but not preferentially. The perversion, on the other hand, is a preferred, habitual deviation that takes the place of the sexual act and is necessary to achieve full satisfaction.

The Impact of Recent Sex Research on Psychoanalytic Theory

In the second chapter, Stoller relates five conceptions of the theory of sex that Sigmund Freud had developed in the course of his life to the results of more recent sex research. He comes to the conclusion that too little is still known “about the factors that affect the development of sexuality following the determining influences of heredity, constitution and early environment”.

Variants: deviations that are not perversions

In the third chapter, Stoller devotes himself to what he calls the variants as deviations, which he understands are not perversions. This applies to sexual behavior that deviates from social norms and that does not stem from hostile fantasies. Stoller initially counts hereditary factors as well as constitutional factors. As an example, he mentions deviations that can be observed in an "androgen resistance syndrome " in women or in Klinefelter syndrome in men. Furthermore, he names deviations rarely described in the literature that can be traced back to disorders of the brain function. There are also rare cases of hermaphroditism . Stoller also counts male transsexuality among the group of variants. Since the etiology of female transsexuality is different, he excludes these cases. In addition, variants are described that are culturally determined, since different criteria would have to be applied to the assessment in different epochs and in different places. Finally, Stoller mentions cases in which people are “satisfied with substitute solutions for want of something better” who resemble or resemble perverse actions and yet are only one variant because they lack the component specifically hostile to a perversion.

Perversions: deviations that are not variants

The fourth chapter deals with perversions as deviations that Stoller does not count among the variants. They are characterized by specifics that characterize every perversion: hostility , revenge and triumph and a depersonalized object .

Perversion is "imagination put into practice". Because he attaches special importance to the imagination , he first defines this term as "that power that holds hope, heals wounds, protects against reality, veils truth, strengthens identity, creates serenity and cleanses the soul". Perversion is determined no less than by physiological processes and environmental factors through fantasy. Without knowledge of their function, their content and processes, the meaning of perversion remains incomprehensible. At the center of the phantasy is the hostility, which is partly revealed in the perverse act - as in sadism  - or does not seem to occur, as in fetishism , for example .

"The clearer the hostility, the more certain you are dealing with a perversion."

Hostility is understood as the desire “to be superior to another, to harm him and to triumph over him” or, as in fetishism, to obliterate the person in the object of desire. Even if the body of the sexual partner is not in the service of eroticism, but serves, for example, its degradation or the exercise of power, the existence of a perversion should be considered. But whether an action is an expression of perversion does not depend on "which body parts are used how and for what", but on "what it means for the individual".

Dynamics: trauma, hostility, risk, and revenge

The second and most extensive part of the book forms the core of Stoller's explanations. Here he unfolds his central thesis that the perversion is based on an acute, chronic or cumulative trauma suffered in childhood , which has evoked hostility, which ultimately discharges as part of a perversion in the illusory hope that early wounds may heal.

Pornography and Perversion

First, in the fifth chapter, Stoller deals with pornography , which is not commonly associated with the term perversion, but which serves as an introductory clarification. He considers pornographic products to be superior "tools for the statistical study of psychodynamics " of a perversion, because those who earn money with them would have to meet the core of the wishes of their buyers. The product must be “precise enough” “to arouse and general enough to arouse many”. Its definition is:

"Pornography is a complicated daydream that transfers activities that are mostly, but not necessarily overtly sexual, to written, pictorial or acoustic material in order to generate genital arousal in the observer."

According to Stoller, users could be divided into two groups, those who are sexually aroused and others who are not. Pornography is a "matter of aesthetics" and not everyone can be addressed by the same material. From the numerous pornographic genres , Stoller selects as an example what he calls “ perverse transvestism ”, which he wants to be limited to cases in which wearing clothes of the opposite sex is fetishistic and causes sexual arousal. In a case of one of his patients, which is particularly well documented by anamnestic external material, Stoller shows in detail and step by step how the trauma experienced in childhood is reflected in the individual scenes of the pornographic material preferred by the patient, which he had made available to Stoller, finds again. He closes this chapter with some more general considerations on pornography.

Hostility and mystery of perversion

In perversion, according to Stoller in his sixth chapter, the trauma suffered in childhood is transformed into a triumph. The trauma was either directed against the child's sexual apparatus or - more often - against his gender identity. Therefore, the perversion is always based on a conscious or unconscious feeling of threat to one's own gender identity.

A secure gender identity does not produce perversion. It arises from the attempt to cope with the threat to one's own gender identity.

In order for the trauma to be transformed into a triumph in the perverse act, various preconditions are required. Stoller adds risk and hostility to this.

Since the perverse act is a re-enactment with a different outcome, it is designed with the risk that the trauma suffered in childhood could be repeated. While in childhood the animosity of adults and the fear of the child were in the foreground, in the perverse act the fear turns into anger and revenge . Fear, anger and revenge are the three elements of hostility, according to Stoller.

In addition, there is necessarily a process that Freud called the splitting of the ego . It helps on the one hand to recognize reality, but on the other hand to deny it and replace it with fantasy. In addition, Stoller names a socially mediated "mystification of sexuality" as a further possible factor for the development conditions of a perversion:

"With its threats of punishment, its wonderful promises, its socially [...] transmitted sexual myths and prejudices, this mystification, if it turns out too intense and bizarre, can also contribute to perversion."

The mysterious is linked to the gender difference, which is initially perceived in different stages of developmental psychology, then discovered in the anatomical differences and finally curiously researched. The child learns that it is "something very important". This creates the desire to obtain certainty about one's own sexuality. If this process is disturbed by hostile interventions by persons involved in the upbringing of the child, under the conditions mentioned, perversion can develop in adulthood in addition to a disorder of gender identity.

Perversion: risk or boredom

“Perversion is hatred , eroticized hatred”. Stoller unfolds this central thesis of his book, which gave it the subtitle, in the seventh chapter.

In the perversion, the original trauma with the new result of the triumph is transformed into its opposite, as it were, but with the risk of becoming “entangled” in the trauma again. This risk should not be too great because it hinders the development of pleasure.

"Perversion presents itself as the complicated path that winds its way through dangers to triumphant sexual satisfaction."

In the perverse act, this happens in that a threatening situation is sought out in the fantasy and transformed into a triumph in the perverse act. The event is preferably brought about by a current insult of the male identity or in expectation of one. The main threat is the danger of humiliation , devaluation and degradation. Feelings of fear, fear, guilt and especially feelings of shame are preferred . When the threatening situation is visited, there is a vibration between fear of damage to one's identity and hope of the triumph of having successfully defended it. The object is reified in the process. It only counts in its function to enable triumph. The perverse act ends in a triumphant experience of power and potency.

Even beyond perversion, the sexual fantasy that every person has, his life story and the development of his eroticism and gender identity condense. Stoller contrasts the risk with the boredom , which he believes results from a lack of willingness to take risks. In the perversion, however, the phantasy refers specifically to the trauma suffered, which was directed against the body parts capable of lust or the gender identity and which must have been “profound” - “lasted too long, came too suddenly or happened too early because you were too young to be able to defend yourself properly ”. The trauma causes damage, no less, but also no more, because otherwise the ability to experience sexual activity would be diminished.

Stoller sums up the risks taken in perversion, including the risk of being discovered, self-loathing, or being punished. Exhibitionism is the only exception to the fear of being punished , because arrest and punishment are reinterpreted as evidence of masculinity in the sense of importance as a man. He supplements his explanations with findings from other authors and his own clinical material in order to substantiate his theoretical statements. He cites humiliations suffered or expected in everyday life as typical triggers for perverted behavior. All the details of the phantasy that go with it have the task, within the framework of perversion, of convincing that the danger is over.

In conclusion, Stoller devotes a separate section to fetishism and presents it with reference to other authors as a serious perversion in terms of disease theory, because in it, because of the inability to endure “another person in his entirety” as a sexual partner, the fantasy of the desired sexual object is everything human has destroyed. Here the hostility consists in the fantasized "destruction of the object".

Fear of symbiosis and the development of masculinity

In the eighth chapter, Stoller deals with the question of why men prefer to develop perversions. This view corresponds to the state of research at the time, but has since been refuted by Estela Welldon, among others, with the realization that the perversion of women is merely expressed differently.

The development of masculinity presupposes breaking out of the symbiosis with the mother. Stoller describes the fear of not being able to endure separation from his mother as a fear of symbiosis. Overcoming it requires support.

The initially necessary symbiotic relationship between mother and son can hinder the development of masculinity if it is too intense or if it is not dissolved and lasts too long. If this separation does not succeed, individuation is at least impaired, if not prevented. A mother would only support the development of masculinity, "if she has a male son and wants to enjoy his masculinity". Stoller draws on extensive clinical material to prove his thesis that masculinity "does not come about without a constant striving away from the mother".

Crime as a sexual act

In the ninth chapter, Stoller introduces a patient who complicates his concept of perversion. Their burglaries, committed as part of an elaborately staged sexual ritual, would have had the character of a perversion: “... the same dynamic of hostility, the same need for repetition and satisfaction, the same urgency, the same desire, a victim in a victor to transform ”, but with the difference“ that eroticism is missing ”. Stoller presented a full transcript of tape recordings to show his way of working. This should show how he gets from clinical material to theoretical hypotheses. When the patient understood after a very long treatment that she had to steal if someone gave her the feeling that she was not a woman, her impulse to steal disappeared and did not appear years later.

Social questions

In the third and last part of his book, Stoller deals with the concept of diagnosis and the consequences that psychiatric diagnoses in particular could have for a person or society, with the concept of sin , which emerges quickly in connection with sexuality, and with that for him observation that is valid as a fact that perversion, however much it is ostracized, can be found in something positive.

Is Homosexuality a Diagnosis?

For his examination of the concept of diagnosis, presented in Chapter 10, Stoller deals with homosexuality , which at the time of publication of his book was still a psychiatric-diagnostic category. Stoller considered the public discourse on homosexuality to be important and was therefore "worried ... [about] the way in which this controversial problem is discussed". Taking a critical view of psychiatric diagnoses and the uncertainties often inherent in them, he suggests differentiating between “diagnosis as a means of precise determination and diagnosis as an instrument of social power”. It is not without an ironic swipe that he wants to limit himself to the former and leave the rest to the “appointed”.

Stoller was not a fan of diagnoses and would have liked to drop most of the psychiatric diagnoses, but then there would no longer be any nomenclature with which communication would be possible. In contrast to all other medical specialties, psychiatry has "no functioning classification system" consisting of syndrome , pathogenesis and etiology . Stoller criticized the diagnosis of homosexuality as an "injustice that offends homosexuals and that is below the dignity of psychiatrists". And yet that is not a sufficient argument to abolish them. Homosexuality is not a diagnosis because - against the background of very different experiences in life and with different psychodynamics - it is a question of a sexual preference and not a complex of symptoms.

Sexuality as sin

The eleventh chapter is short. The concept of sin , which appears again and again in public in connection with eroticism, sexuality and perversion, but is given different weight at different times, is what Stoller describes as a "sophisticated expression for the desire to harm others". With this he closes the circle to his theoretical considerations.

“Perhaps the proponents of sexual freedom should not rely too much on the argument in their socio-strategic actions that awareness of sin is only a consequence of enslavement through repressive historical processes. It probably won't go away simply because we declare it obsolete. And we miss the diversity of human sexual excitement if we exclude sin from our investigations. [...] If we deny the hostile and dehumanizing elements of the imagination that contribute to sexual arousal - if we claim there is no sin - then we are denying the obvious, and that is foolish. "

The need for perversion

In the twelfth and final chapter, Stoller develops his conviction that perversion is necessary because it protects the family and life. Intimacy creates such a great deal of tension that it endangers the stability of the family. And because perversion binds hostile and hateful impulses, it can help prevent these impulses from being destructively discharged. In this sense, the perversion prevents some murder. A “terrifying number” of his patients described in this book were prevented from committing a murder - of Stoller or other people - “only through hard therapeutic work”.

reception

On the occasion of Stoller's accidental death in 1991, Daniel Goleman quoted Ethel Person - a psychiatrist at Columbia University  - as believing that his publications on perversion had "shocked" the psychoanalytic establishment . The fact that he understood perversions as a kind of emotional revenge for wounds suffered in childhood meant a break with Freud , who saw perversions as a fixation on an early psychosexual developmental stage .

In 2003, De Masi, in his book on sadomasochistic perversion, highlighted Stoller's particular merits in not understanding gender identity as a fact based on anatomy and pointing out the conflict between nature and culture, in which culture remains predominant.

In his contribution to the book Freud and the Sexual published by Quindeau and Sigusch in 2005, the sexologist Wolfgang Berner pointed out that it was only Stoller " who duly highlighted the aspect of aggressive (hostile or narcissistic ) pleasure for perversion" .

In 2007, Élisabeth Roudinesco , a French psychoanalyst, recalled Stoller's book in the French daily Le Monde .

In their third edition, published in 2008, Heinemann and Hopf claim, with recourse to Stoller, that hostility would, among other things, be directed against an inanimate object, while in Stoller's understanding the hostility in these cases consists of a real person by desiring an inanimate object to have extinguished in the imagination.

In 2009, the English psychoanalyst Paul Renn linked a summary of Stoller's book on perversion with that of a 1994 book by Jaime Stubrin on neosexuality and shows that even 30 years after the publication of Stoller's book, his fundamental thesis has not lost its relevance : Hostile, masturbatory fantasies are used in the context of perversion to separate and defend one's own gender identity.

In a lecture in Berlin in March 2015, the historian Dagmar Herzog recommended reading Robert Stoller "new". From the 1960s onwards, a psychoanalysis had formed in the USA "to proclaim a homophobic love doctrine that pathologized homosexuality in a new way". In contrast, Stoller pleads “for an understanding of sexuality as per se perverse” and offers in his work a “treasure trove for queer theories of desire”.

Book editions (selection)

  • Robert J. Stoller: Perversion. The erotic form of hatred . Pantheon Books, New York 1975, ISBN 978-0-394-49777-8 (English).
  • Robert J. Stoller: Perversion. The erotic form of hatred (=  library of psychoanalysis ). Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 1998, ISBN 3-932133-51-X .
  • Robert J. Stoller: Perversion. The erotic form of hatred (=  library of psychoanalysis ). 3rd revised edition. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8379-2391-9 (English: Perversion. The erotic Form of Hatred . New York 1975. Translated by Maria Poelchau).

Remarks

  1. ↑ See also: Hans-Martin Lohmann : From the contradiction thought. Volkmar Sigusch presented his magnum opus with the 'History of Sexuality'. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. June 18, 2008, accessed April 21, 2018 .
  2. ↑ See also Jill Bühler: Lustwort. Lustmord Linguistic entanglement of blood thirst and lust in Krafft-Ebing, Musil, Schubert and Kleist. (PDF; 160 KB) In: The useless knowledge in literature. Jill Bühler, Antonia Eder, 2015, pp. 137–155 , accessed on March 19, 2019 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The article is based on the 1998 edition.
  2. ^ Robert J. Stoller: Perversion. The erotic form of hatred (=  library of psychoanalysis ). 3rd revised edition. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8379-2391-9 (English: Perversion. The erotic Form of Hatred . New York 1975. Translated by Maria Poelchau).
  3. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 14
  4. ^ Volkmar Sigusch : History of Sexual Science . Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt, M., New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-593-38575-4 ( table of contents ). Volkmar Sigusch. History of Sexology. In: perlentaucher.de. Retrieved March 14, 2019 (with blurb and review notes). Peter C. Pohl: V. Sigusch: History of Sexual Science. H-Soz-Kult , August 13, 2009, accessed on March 14, 2019 (review).

  5. ↑ For example, Ovid with his didactic poem about the art of love at the beginning of our era or François Villon (1431–1463) with some of his ballads.
  6. ^ Three essays on the theory of sex , Vienna: 1905; GW, Vol. 5, pp. 27-145.
  7. ↑ 1905. Sigmund Freud Chronology. Sigmund Freud Museum, accessed May 6, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Hans Giese : On the psychopathology of sexuality . Enke, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-432-01775-8 (with an introduction by Eberhard Schorsch ).
  9. ↑ a b c Volkmar Sigusch: Key symptoms of addictive-perverse developments . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . tape 99 , no. 50 , 2002, ISSN  2199-7292 , pp. 3420–3423 ( aerzteblatt.de [accessed on March 18, 2019]).
  10. ↑ Introduction. (PDF; 364 KB) In: Perversion. The erotic form of hate. Retrieved April 20, 2018 .
  11. ^ A b Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 125
  12. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 15
  13. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 28
  14. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 25
  15. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 26
  16. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 72
  17. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 74
  18. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 79
  19. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 32
  20. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 17
  21. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 83
  22. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 84
  23. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 86
  24. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 115
  25. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 93
  26. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 95
  27. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 140
  28. ^ A b Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 133
  29. ↑ Sigmund Freud: The splitting of the ego in the defense process . In: Collected Works . tape XVII , 1938, p. 59–62 ( archive.org [accessed March 15, 2019] available in the Gutenberg project ).
  30. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 129
  31. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 159
  32. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 150
  33. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 154
  34. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 141
  35. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 153
  36. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 155
  37. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, pp. 158/159
  38. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, pp. 169/170
  39. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 171
  40. ↑ Estela V. Welldon: perversions of the woman (=  contributions to sex research . Band 82 ). 2nd Edition. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8379-2366-7 .
  41. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 191
  42. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 176
  43. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 177
  44. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 192
  45. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 208
  46. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 243
  47. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 244
  48. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 245
  49. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 246
  50. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 247
  51. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 257
  52. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, pp. 259/260
  53. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 266
  54. ^ Robert Stoller: Perversion. 1998, p. 197
  55. ^ Daniel Goleman: Dr. Robert J. Stoller, 66, Teacher And Leading Sex-Identity Theorist. In: The New York Times. September 10, 1991, accessed April 20, 2018 .
  56. ^ Franco De Masi: The Sadomasochistic Perversion. The Entity and the Theories . Karnac Books, London 2003, ISBN 978-1-85575-998-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 18, 2019]).
  57. ↑ Wolfgang Berner : From perversion to paraphilia . In: Ilka Quindeau , Volkmar Sigusch (ed.): Freud and the sexual. New psychoanalytic and sex science perspectives . Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt / Main, New York 2005, ISBN 978-3-593-37848-0 , pp.  153 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 18, 2019]).
  58. ^ Elisabeth Roudinesco : Robert Stoller: le fantasme mis en actes. In: Le Monde. January 11, 2007, accessed March 18, 2019 (French).
  59. ↑ Evelyn Heinemann, Hans Hopf : Mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Symptoms, psychodynamics, case studies, psychoanalytic therapy . 3rd revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-020089-0 , pp. 179 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on March 18, 2019]): "Since the hostile attitude is the focus of Stoller, he defines perversion in terms of the desire [...] to damage the inanimate object."
  60. ^ Paul Renn: Notes on Sexuality, Perversion and Neosexuality. September 28, 2009, accessed March 18, 2019 .
  61. ↑ Dagmar Herzog: Perversion and Love in Post-War Pschoanalysis, or: Why we should reread Robert Stoller. Institute for Queer Theory , March 11, 2015, accessed March 18, 2019 .