Leopold Martin

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Portrait of Leopold Martin

Philipp Leopold Martin (born November 5, 1815 in Gnadenberg near Bunzlau , Silesia , †  March 7, 1885 in Stuttgart ) was a German naturalist , ornithologist and taxidermist , is considered the founder of modern museum thermoplastics and a pioneer of German nature conservation .

Life

Martin was born the son of the confectioner Hermann Gottlieb Martin and his wife Sophie, née Gericke, in the Bunzlau suburb of Gnadenberg. As an autodidact , he acquired extensive knowledge in the field of plastic reproduction of the animal kingdom. One with recommendations from Alexander von Humboldt and Martin Hinrich Lichtenstein accompanied by his first wife Ida, geb. Grunert, and the research trip to Venezuela that began in December 1848 by the naturalist Carl Ferdinand Appun , Martin broke off after the death of his wife at the end of 1849 and returned to Germany. In 1851 he was in Galicia as a taxidermist and travel companion in the service of Count Casimir von Wodzicki . His contact with Lichtenstein eventually led to work as a conservator and taxidermist at the Zoological Museum in Berlin , where he worked from 1852 to 1858. Some of his preparations from this time have been preserved to this day. In 1859 he accepted a call to the Royal Natural History Cabinet in Stuttgart , where he was employed and first taxidermist until 1874. The Württemberg King Wilhelm I commissioned him in 1862 to plan an acclimatization garden in Stuttgart. However, due to the king's death in 1864, it was not carried out. In 1871 Martin called for the founding of the "Association of Bird Friends of Württemberg" and became its 1st chairman. After retiring from the civil service, in 1874 he founded the “Museum of the Primeval World to the Present” in Stuttgart, a private natural history cabinet in Nill's zoo , which he had to close again in 1877. From 1869 Martin intensified his writing activity. Most recently, between 1882 and 1884, he published the four-volume "Illustrirte Naturgeschichte der Thiere" (Illustrirte Naturgeschichte der Thiere), the partial volume of which on fish and amphibians was reissued in 2001. The marriage with his second wife Valeska, geb. Beck, had two sons. The older, Leopold Martin (1854-1891), was also a taxidermist, the younger, Paul Martin (1861-1937), held a chair at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Giessen .

Services

Philipp Leopold Martin was an important taxidermist and is considered the founder of modern dermoplasty . His three-volume "Praxis der Naturgeschichte" (1869–1882) was the standard work of taxidermy for several decades . He was also of great importance as a pioneer of the modern natural history museum, which is dedicated to popular education. The introduction of dioramas in the sense of structural elements goes back to him ; his proposal to present groups of animals in niches with skylights and painted backgrounds was implemented in several natural history museums. After all, he can also be seen as a thought leader in nature conservation in Germany. In his essay series "The German Empire and International Animal Protection", he was the first to use the term "nature conservation" in its current meaning in 1871. This publication can also be seen as the first German-language programmatic nature conservation publication. Between 1871 and 1882 Martin wrote various publications with practical nature conservation instructions for national and international nature and species protection. His achievements as a pioneer in German nature conservation were completely forgotten shortly after his death and were only rediscovered in 2011.

Works

  • The Practice of Natural History: A Complete Textbook on Collecting Living and Dead Natural Bodies; their observation, maintenance and care in the free and imprisoned state; Conservation, preparation and placement in collections. - Part 1: Taxidermy or the teaching of preserving, preparing and collecting natural products while traveling, stuffing and setting up animals, trading in natural products, etc. ... plus 3rd edition by CL Brehm. "The art of preparing birds as hides etc." in complete makeover. - Weimar: Voigt, 1869. - Part 2: Dermoplasty and museology or the modeling of animals and the setting up and preservation of collections of natural objects. - Weimar: Voigt, 1870. - 3rd part, 1st half: Nature studies ... The botanical, zoological and acclimatization gardens, menageries, aquariums and terrariums in their current development: together with proposals and designs for the creation of natural gardens. - Weimar: Voigt, 1878. - 3rd part, 1st half: Atlas for the practice of natural history ... / 12 panels based on drawings by Leopold Martin jun. - Weimar: Voigt, 1878. - 3rd part, 2nd half: nature studies ... General nature conservation: naturalization of foreign animals and health care of captive mammals and birds. - Weimar: Voigt, 1882.
  • The German Empire and International Animal Protection (1871/1872): seven-part series of articles; published in "Der Waidmann" 3 (1871/72) H. 1-7.
  • Chr. Ludw. Brehm's aviary and its residents: care and breeding of native and tropical ornamental and songbirds to be kept in cages and aviaries. - 3rd edition of Brehm's "Canaries" etc. in a contemporary, thoroughly independent revision. - Weimar: Voigt, 1872.
  • Our singers in the field and in the forest: a brief instruction on the necessary protection of songbirds in the open air and their proper care in captivity. - Stuttgart: Levy and Müller, 1873.
  • The life of the domestic cat and its relatives; a description of their ancestry and history, their races and varieties; Way of life, benefits and harm, diseases, care and education etc. - Weimar: Voigt, 1877.
  • Man and the animal world in the household of nature: a vital question of our time dealt with from a practical point of view. - Stuttgart: Levy and Müller, 1880.
  • Illustrated natural history of animals. Work in 4 volumes, edited by Philipp Leopold Martin. - Illustrated natural history of animals , vol. 1, 1 (mammals), Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1882, with illustrations by Gustav Mützel . - Illustrated natural history of the animals , Vol. 1, 2 (birds), Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1884. - Illustrated natural history of the animals , Vol. 2, 1 (crawfish and amphibians, fish), Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1882. - Illustrated natural history of the Thiere , Vol. 2, 2 (Insects ...), Leipzig (Brockhaus) 1884.

literature

  • Wilhelm Hess :  Martin, Philipp Leopold . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 52, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, p. 219 f.
  • Karl Dietrich Adam : The Stuttgart mammoth replica by Philipp Leopold Martin. On the history of the reconstruction of fossil mammals. In: Message from the State Museum for Natural History Stuttgart. No. 387, 1961, pp. 47-68.
  • Karl Dietrich Adam : From the 200 year history of the Stuttgart Natural History Museum. Stuttgart: State Museum for Natural History, 1991, pdf .
  • Uwe Albrecht: Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885). From the “catacombs” of natural history to the “universal museum of nature”. In: Museum aktuell No. 49, 1999, pp. 1911–1913.
  • Rainer Koch and Gerhard Hachmann, 2011: “The absolute necessity of such nature conservation…” Philipp Leopold Martin (1815–1886): from bird conservationist to pioneer of national and international nature and species protection. In Natur und Landschaft , issue 11, November 2011, pp. 473–480. - The same: "Corrigenda on the date of death and the latest findings on the subject." In Natur und Landschaft, Heft 2, February 2012, p. 104.
  • Susanne Köstering: Nature to look at. The Natural History Museum of the German Empire 1871-1914. Cologne / Weimar / Vienna (Böhlau) 2003, ISBN 3-412-04702-3 .
  • Carsten Kretschmann: Rooms open up. Natural history museums in 19th century Germany. Academic Publishing House, Berlin 2006; ISBN 978-3-05-004202-2 , pp. 104-107.
  • Gerhard Hachmann and Rainer Koch (eds.): Against the rational management! Texts and sources on the development of German nature conservation. On the occasion of the 200th birthday of Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885) . Bonn (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) 2015. (= BfN-Skripten, 417). 89 + 279 pages. ISBN 978-3-89624-152-8 ; PDF file (68 MB); accessed on December 27, 2018.
  • Uwe Albrecht: Pictures from animal life. Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885) and the popularization of natural history in the 19th century. Tectum Verlag, Baden-Baden 2018; XXVI, 554 pages. ISBN 978-3-8288-4039-3 . (= Scientific articles from Tectum Verlag, History Science series; 34). At the same time: Dissertation, University, Stuttgart, 2016.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ CV of Philipp Leopold Martin (1815–1885) and extract from the death register of the city of Stuttgart . In: Gerhard Hachmann and Rainer Koch (eds.): Against the rational management! Texts and sources on the development of German nature conservation. On the occasion of the 200th birthday of Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885) . Bonn (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) 2015. (= BfN-Skripten, 417). ISBN 978-3-89624-152-8 . Pages 41-44 or third to last section of the document; PDF file (68 MB); accessed on December 27, 2018.
  2. ↑ Appun, CF and Martin, PL: '' Observations on their trip to Venezuela in December 1848 and January 1849. '' In: '' Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin '' New Series, Vol. 6 (= Of the whole series 10th year: May 1848-1849), published Berlin 1850, pp. 123–130.
  3. ↑ Uwe Albrecht: "Against raw materialism and the destruction of nature. Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885): A Protestant natural scientist." In: Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt für Württemberg 41/2003, p. 10; the same: Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885). From the “catacombs” of natural history to the “universal museum of nature”. In: Museum aktuell No. 49, 1999, pp. 1911–1913.
  4. ↑ Susanne Köstering: Nature to look at. The Natural History Museum of the German Empire 1871-1914. Cologne / Weimar / Vienna (Böhlau) 2003, p. 170.
  5. ↑ Gerhard Hachmann and Rainer Koch (eds.): Against the rational management! Texts and sources on the development of German nature conservation. On the occasion of the 200th birthday of Philipp Leopold Martin (1815-1885) . Bonn (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) 2015. (= BfN-Skripten, 417). 89 + 279 pages. ISBN 978-3-89624-152-8 ; PDF file (68 MB); April 6, 2016.
  6. ↑ Rainer Koch and Gerhard Hachmann: "The absolute necessity of such nature conservation ..." Philipp Leopold Martin (1815–1886): from bird conservationist to pioneer of national and international nature and species protection. In: Natur und Landschaft , Issue 11, November 2011, pp. 473-480. - The same: "Corrigenda on the date of death and the latest findings on the subject." In Natur und Landschaft , Heft 2, February 2012, p. 104.
personal data
SURNAME Martin, Leopold
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German taxidermist
DATE OF BIRTH November 5, 1815
PLACE OF BIRTH Gnadenberg near Bunzlau , Silesia
DATE OF DEATH March 7, 1885
Place of death Stuttgart