Pinus fenzeliana
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| Hand.-Mazz. |
Pinus Fenzeliana is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The natural range is in Vietnam and in the south of China including the island of Hainan . The wood is of good quality and is used to a limited extent locally; the resin is used as an adhesive in North Vietnam.
description
Appearance
Pinus fenzeliana grows as an evergreen tree that reaches heights of up to 50 meters, but in many areas maximum heights of only 20 to 30 meters. The trunk reaches a breast height diameter of up to 1 meter. The trunk bark of young trees and the bark of the branches are smooth and thin. The trunk bark of older trees is brown, dark brown or gray-brown, scaly and flakes off. The branches are widely spreading and form a broad, umbrella-shaped or dome-shaped crown. The needled branches are thin. Young shoots are initially pale brown, sometimes glaucous and later gray-brown, glabrous or rarely with fuzzy hairs in the grooves.
Buds and needles
The vegetative buds are egg-shaped to cylindrical and somewhat resinous. The lower leaves are dark brown. The needles grow in groups of five in an early sloping needle sheath made of delicate, brown scales. Some needles can fall off earlier and independently of the others, leaving incomplete needle bundles with fewer than five needles. The needles vary greatly in length, at least between different stocks. They are protruding or hanging, thin, flexible, 4 to 18 centimeters long and 1 to 1.5 millimeters wide. The edge of the needle is very finely sawn. The color of the needles is glaucous green, the two adaxial sides have thin stomata lines .
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow in small groups. They are short-cylindrical.
The seed cones grow individually or in pairs to threes on strong stems. They are variable in size and shape and can be small ovoid to long cylindrical, are initially upright and are later sloping down to hanging. They are rarely from 3, usually 5 to 15 and sometimes up to 17 centimeters long. The seed scales are soft woody, more or less flexible at the base and wedge-shaped to elongated. The apophysis is rhombic and elongated, curved, or more or less straight at the base and tip of the cone. Ripe cones are furrowed, yellowish brown to reddish brown and gray-brown when exposed to the weather. The tip is thin or slightly thickened and usually bent up. The umbo is terminal and small and blunt.
The seeds are obovate or ellipsoidal, 10 to 15 millimeters long, and usually without wings when the seeds are released. If a wing is present, it is poorly developed to small, always shorter than the seed and easily detached.
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus fenzeliana is in the south of China in the province Guangdong including the island Hainan , in Guangxi and in the south of Hunan and in Vietnam. It grows at heights of mostly 700 to 1500 meters, less often from 500 or 1800 meters on steep mountain slopes and rocky mountain ridges, mostly over areas that are characterized by evergreen deciduous trees. The species can form pure stands, but it usually grows together with other conifers, in lower altitudes also with flowering seeds . In Vietnam, but also in some areas in China, they can only be found on karst limestone . The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 9 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −6.6 to −1.2 ° Celsius (20 to 30 ° Fahrenheit ).
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus Fenzeliana classified ( "Near Threatened") at risk as low. The species has a fairly large range in southern China and northern Vietnam. A decline in stocks has been reported in Hainan and northern Vietnam, although it is unclear how badly the stocks are affected. The extent can be up to 30 percent. There are extensive stocks in Guangdon in the Nan Ling . The main danger is from cutting down the trees, but this is limited to easily accessible areas. In Vietnam, logging has resulted in population loss in some areas. But Pinus fenzeliana grows in several protected areas in both China and Vietnam.
Systematics and research history
Pinus fenzeliana is a species from the genus of pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Strobus , Section Quinquefoliae , Subsection Strobus . The species was in 1931 by the Austrian botanist Heinrich von Handel-Mazzetti in his article Small contributions to the knowledge of the flora of China in the Austrian Botanical Magazine firstdescribed . The specific epithet fenzeliana honors a man called "Fenzel" who found the type specimen .
In addition to Pinus fenzeliana , the Flora of China also distinguishes Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang , each with two varieties, which Aljos Farjon assigned to the first described species Pinus fenzeliana without further subdivision . Pinus kwangtungensis is therefore only a synonym . James E. Eckenwalder assigns the specimens described as Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang as Pinus parviflora var. Kwangtungensis (WY Chun ex Tsiang) Eckenwalder to the species Pinus parviflora , specimens described as Pinus fenzeliana were classified as the variety Pinus armandii var. Fenzeliana Pinus armandii var. Fenzeliana to. However, this classification is not generally recognized. In 2004, Roman Businský described two new species in a revision of the Strobus subsection in Asia, Pinus orthophylla from Hainan and Pinus eremitana from northern Vietnam. The distinguishing features given in the publication overlap to such an extent that their own species status is not justified, but they could possibly be recognized as varieties of Pinus fenzeliana .
Further synonyms of the species are Pinus parviflora var. Fenzeliana (Hand.-Mazz.) CLWu , Pinus wangii subsp. kwangtungensis (Chun ex Tsiang) Businský , Pinus wangii var. kwangtungensis (Chun ex Tsiang) Silba and Pinus wangii subsp. varifolia (Nan Li & YCZhong) Businský .
Pinus fenzeliana is similar to the species Pinus armandii , but it differs in its thick, hard seed coats and the apophysis that is not or only slightly bent back at the edges. Pinus armandii also has another distribution area in China, Pinus fenzeliana is restricted to southern China.
use
The wood of Pinus fenzeliana is good as construction timber , for carpentry work and possibly also for making furniture. However, it is mainly used locally as it is only felled in small amounts. The resin is extracted in Vietnam and used as an adhesive. However, the species is not used as an ornamental tree.
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 609, 673-674 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 412, 460 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 23 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 673
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 673-674
- ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 674
- ↑ a b Pinus fenzeliana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed August 4, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Christopher J. Earle: Pinus fenzeliana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed August 4, 2013 .
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 609
- ↑ Pinus fenzeliana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 4, 2013.
- ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus fenzeliana , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 23
- ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus kwangtungensis , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 25
- ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 460
- ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 412
