Pinus krempfii
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Pinus Krempfii is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The natural range is in Vietnam. The stocks have declined by30 percentin the last 150 years due to the conversion of forest areas into agricultural areas, due to the sharp increase in the local population but also as a result of the Vietnam War . It is classified as "endangered" inthe IUCN Red List .
description
Appearance
Pinus krempfii grows as an evergreen , relatively large tree with stature heights of mostly up to 40, rarely up to 50 meters . The trunk is erect, straight and reaches chest height diameters of 3 to rarely 4 meters. Buttock roots are often formed. The trunk bark is gray-brown to gray, smooth in young trees and rough and scaly in large, older trees, with irregularly shaped plates that are separated by shallow cracks. The branches are long and spread out or ascending near the tip. They form a broad, domed to flat, dense or more open crown. Needle branches are thin, bare, multi-knotted , smooth after the lower leaves have fallen off, initially light brown and later gray.
Buds and needles
The vegetative buds are relatively small with a length of up to about 5 millimeters, not resinous and almost constantly form new shoots and needles.
The needles grow in twos in an early decaying, basal, 2.0 to 2.5 centimeter long needle sheath. The needle sheath consists of a few thin, pointed scales that fall off independently of one another. The needles are not pendulous, straight or slightly curved, usually 4 to 5 centimeters, rarely up to 7 centimeters long, very flat and 1.5 to 5 millimeters wide. They can be twisted in the first third of the length. They have a narrow center rib on each side and the edges slowly converge to a pointed end. The adaxial side is green, the abaxial side is glaucous green and shows thin stomata lines . Four to ten thin resin channels are formed. The needles stay on the tree for two to six or more years.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow in groups at the base of young shoots. They are light brown, small and reach a length of 7 millimeters when fully grown.
The seed cones stand upright individually or more often in pairs on thin, 2 to 3 centimeters long stalks. The seed cones are light green initially and brown when ripe and are. The 5 to 7 centimeters long seed cones are narrowly ovate when closed and 3 to 5 centimeters in diameter when open. The cones ripen after 2 years and fall from the tree after the seeds have been released. The relatively few, 40 to 60 seed scales are soft woody, elongated-concave and dark brown when ripe. The apophysis is light brown or light reddish brown, hard woody, thickened, more or less rhombic in outline or with a rounded upper edge and clearly keeled transversely. The diamond-shaped umbo lies dorsally. It is raised or more or less flat, pointed and armed with a small, permanent thorn .
The almost black seeds are very small with a length of 2.5 to 3 millimeters and more or less egg-shaped. The seed wing is 17 to 20 millimeters long and 4 to 5 millimeters wide and long and narrow and can easily detach from the seed.
Distribution, locations and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus krempfii is in the south of Vietnam in the Truong Son Mountains between Đà Lạt and Nha Trang . Less than ten sites are still known.
You can find Pinus krempfii at altitudes of 1200 to 2000 meters, but mostly between 1500 and 1800 meters, often on steep mountain slopes and on mountain ridges. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 9 with mean annual minimum temperatures between −6.6 and −1.2 ° Celsius (20 to 30 ° Fahrenheit ). The mean annual temperature is 14 to 20 ° Celsius. The mean annual rainfall exceeds 1500 millimeters with a dry season from December to July. Mostly Pinus krempfii grows on well-drained, acidic, lateritic and nutrient-poor loamy soil.
Pinus krempfii is a rare species that grows in primary, closed, tropical mountain rainforests, where it towers over the canopy of deciduous trees, mostly species of the beech family (Fagaceae) and the laurel family (Lauraceae). It can also thrive under the evergreen roof of the deciduous trees, which is rather untypical for pine species. It is found together with other conifers such as the Fujian cypress ( Fokienia hodginsii ), Pinus dalatensis and the broad resin ( Dacrydium elatum ). Investigations of the annual rings show that they can reach an age of over 1000 years. It is likely a long-lived species that relies on forest damage in order to reproduce successfully. However, there are no detailed studies on ecology.
In the Red List of the IUCN 2011 will Pinus Krempfii classified as "vulnerable" (= "Vulnerable"). The populations have decreased by 30 percent in the last 150 years, which is attributed to the conversion of forest areas into agricultural areas, the rapid increase in population but also to the consequences of the Vietnam War in the 1960s. The existing stocks are still endangered by illegal tree cutting . The area extends over an area totaling less than 500 square kilometers, which is located in higher elevations in the border area of the provinces Đắk Lắk , Lâm Đồng , Khánh Hòa and Ninh Thuận . Yet there are at least five populations that are barely fragmented. Pinus krempfii was therefore not classified as endangered . The greatest threat comes from the further fragmentation of stocks through infrastructure measures, from an increased risk of fire and from the spread of coffee plantations into protected areas. But most of the stocks are in protected areas such as the BiDoup Nui-Ba National Park and the trees are not allowed to be felled in Vietnam.
Systematics
The first description of Pinus krempfii was made in 1921 by Paul Lecomte in Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , Volume 27, page 191. The specific epithet krempfii honors M. Krempf , who found the type specimen in 1921.
Pinus krempfii is the only species of the Krempfianae subsection that belongs to the Quinquefoliae section from the Strobus subgenus within the Pinus genus . This species differs so much from other pine species by its unusually flat needles that it is known as Ducampopinus krempfii (Lecomte) A. Chev. was even assigned to its own genus. However, most of the other properties are the same as other pine species. The seed cones are similar to those of the North American species Pinus balfouriana , which means that this species has already been classified in the sub-section Balfourianae . However, DNA examinations clearly support the classification in the genus Pinus and, with a high degree of probability, in the subgenus Strobus . They also show a closer relationship with Asian species - for example with representatives of the Gerardianae subsection - than with American species.
use
Due to the size and the good quality of the wood , Pinus krempfii has great potential as a wood supplier, but the stocks are not used economically. Attempts to cultivate Pinus krempfii were unsuccessful, probably due to the special demands of this species. Specimens in cultivation are not known (as of 2010).
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literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 693-696 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 440, 441 .
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 440
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 695
- ↑ a b c d Pinus krempfii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2019.1. Listed by: P. Thomas, TH Nguyen, KL Phan, QH Nguyen, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
- ↑ Pinus krempfii at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on April 29, 2019.
- ↑ a b James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 441
- ↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus krempfii. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed on April 29, 2019 .
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 696
