Pinus taiwanensis
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Pinus taiwanensis is an evergreen conifer from the genus of the pine ( Pinus ) with usually 10 to 20 centimeters long needles and 4 to 9 centimeters long seed cones. The distribution area is on Taiwan and extends from 600 to 3400 meters altitude. A distinction is made between two to three varieties. The wood is of good quality and is of great economic importance in Taiwan. It is used, among other things, as construction timber, for the construction of wooden bridges and for railway sleepers.
description
Habitus
Pinus taiwanensis is an evergreen tree , up to 45 sometimes 50 meters high, with a straight or more or less twisted trunk and a trunk diameter of up to 120 centimeters. The trunk bark is gray-brown to dark gray, rough and scaly and breaks into large plates. The crown is broadly ovate and later umbrella-like. The first-order branches are long and horizontal, but shorten over time, leaving only stumps. The higher-order branches are ascending and densely packed. Needle branches are bare, more or less smooth and light brown.
Buds and needles
The winter buds are reddish brown, egg-shaped-conical, 10 to 15 millimeters long, 5 to 7 millimeters wide and slightly resinous. The bud scales are pressed, orange, rusty brown, fringed white or colored completely white. The needles grow in pairs in a permanent, 10 to 15 millimeter long, thin basal needle sheath. The needles are straight or slightly curved, sometimes only 5, usually 10 to 20 and rarely up to 22 centimeters long and 0.7 to 1 millimeter thick, with a semicircular cross-section, thin, flexible, slightly twisted with finely sawn edges and a pointed end. Two to seven or eight central or seldom close to the surface resin channels are formed per needle . There are fine stomata lines on all needle sides .
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow spirally arranged in groups. They are short cylindrical, 1.5 to 2 centimeters long with a diameter of 3 to 4 millimeters, initially yellow and later yellowish brown. The seed cones grow singly or sometimes in pairs on short stems and stay on the tree for several years. They are light brown to chocolate brown, shiny, more or less asymmetrical, sometimes only 3, usually 4 to 9 and rarely up to 10 centimeters long, closed, narrowly ovoid and when opened, have a diameter of 2.5 to 5 centimeters. The seed scales are dull brown, thinly woody, stiff, elongated, straight, about 2 inches long and 1.3 inches wide in the center of the cone. The apophysis is shiny brown, flat to slightly raised, with a rhombic or rounded circumference, slightly wrinkled and keeled across. The umbo is broadly ellipsoidal, flat and reinforced or unreinforced with a small, decrepit spine. The seeds are ellipsoidally ovate, 5 to 6 millimeters long, 2.6 to 3.4 millimeters wide without wings and slightly flattened. The seed wing is 15 to 20 millimeters long, 5 to 6 millimeters wide and permanent. Pollination takes place in April and May, the seeds ripen in October in the second year.
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus taiwanensis is on Taiwan . Pinus taiwanensis grows in the mountains or along the mountainous coast. In the interior of the country you can find it at altitudes of 800 to 3000 meters, exceptionally also up to 3400 meters, where it remains small. It grows along the coastal slopes down to 600 meters. Due to the great differences in altitude in the area of distribution, it grows in several climate zones from warm-temperate to subalpine climates. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 8 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −12.1 to −6.7 ° C (10 to 20 ° F). At lower and medium altitudes, it is restricted to open areas, ridges exposed to the wind, and sandy, acidic and nutrient-poor soils. Often it grows together with representatives of different species of the pseudo-chestnut ( Castanopsis ) and oak ( Quercus ).
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus taiwanensis be deemed not at risk ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending.
Systematics and research history
Pinus taiwanensis is a species from the genus of pines ( Pinus ) in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , section Pinus and subsection Pinus . It was first described scientifically in 1911 by Hayata Bunzō . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet taiwanensis refers to the natural range on Taiwan.
Pinus taiwanensis is the Taiwanese representative of a group of three closely related and very similar species to which Pinus luchuensis in Japan and Pinus hwangshanensis in continental China are counted. These species are either often directly attributed to Pinus luchuensis or are considered varieties or subspecies. Pinus luchuensis differs from Pinus taiwanensis in that it has longer needles, fewer resin channels (two to three instead of four to seven), shorter cones and thinner bark. Sometimes Pinus densiflora is also included in this group. Pinus brevispica Hayata is another synonym of the species alongside Pinus luchuensis var. Taiwanensis and Pinus luchuensis subsp. taiwanensis (Hayata) DZLi .
There are two varieties :
- Pinus taiwanensis var. Taiwanensis with rarely from 5, usually 10 to 15 and rarely up to 17 cm long needles and rarely from 3, mostly 4 to 6 and sometimes up to 8 cm long seed cones.
- Pinus taiwanensis var. Fragilissima (Businsky) Farjon with rarely from 12, usually 16 to 20 and rarely up to 22 cm long needles and sometimes from 5, usually 6 to 9 and sometimes up to 10 cm long seed cones and often somewhat thinner seed scales. The distribution area of the variety is in Taidong County and in the Kuan Shan Mountains. The taxon was first described in 2003 by Roman Businský as a separate species Pinus fragilissima ( Basionym ), Aljos Farjon assigned the taxon as a variety of the species Pinus taiwanensis . He refers to the only minor differences in the length of the needles and the seed cones and the existence of transitional forms, which does not justify a species status. The thickness of the seed scales is also not a clearly defined distinguishing feature.
In the Flora of China , another variety, Pinus taiwanensis var. Damingshanensis W.C.Cheng & LKFu, is assigned to the species. Its distribution area is in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Guizhou and is characterized by resin canals located in the middle and close to the surface. However, this property is mostly seen as an unreliable differentiator. Mostly all representatives from continental China are regarded as a separate species Pinus hwangshanensis W.Y.Hsia , which is distinguished from Pinus taiwanensis by the shorter needle sheaths (0.5 to 1 centimeter instead of 1 to 1.4 centimeters), the more densely spaced teeth of the sawn needles ( in the middle of the needle usually 43 to 57 teeth per centimeter instead of 26 to 35), the reddish-brown instead of yellowish-brown seed cones and the pressed umbo with a permanent sting.
use
The wood of Pinus taiwanensis is of good quality and sufficient strength to be used as construction wood, for example for buildings and wooden bridges, as railway sleepers or pit punches . It is also used for fences and gates, packaging, panels , for making furniture, plywood , fiberboard and pulp .
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 769-770 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 17 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 769
- ↑ a b c d e Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus taiwanensis , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 17
- ↑ a b c Christopher J. Earle: Pinus taiwanensis. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed March 3, 2013 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 770
- ↑ Pinus taiwanensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed March 7, 2013.
- ↑ Pinus taiwanensis. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed March 7, 2013 .
- ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 487
Web links
- Pinus taiwanensis. In: The Plant List. Retrieved March 7, 2013 .