Pontifical
A pontifical is a liturgical book with instructions and texts for rituals in the Catholic Church that are performed or directed by a bishop . In addition, there is the Caeremoniale episcoporum .
history
overview
The pontifical of the Roman rite developed gradually between the 5th and 13th centuries, largely outside the city of Rome. For a long time the pontifical did not exist , instead various pontificals were written for the dioceses in church history.
In historical pontificals there are instructions for the performance of minor and major ordinations and other acts of worship by the bishop. These include: solemn profession , virgin consecration , acceptance into the clergy by tonsure , appointment of Ostiarians , acolytes , lecturers , exorcists , subdeacons , deacons , priests , the bishop , the abbot , the abbess , the consecration of churches , altars , and monasteries , Kings (coronation), holy oils (anointing oils) etc.
Many old pontificals are magnificently designed and today represent antiquarian treasures; a famous example is the richly illuminated Eichstätter Pontifical Gundekarianum .
Pontificale Romanum
Basis of subsequent pontificalia is to 950/62 in Mainz Benedictine Abbey of St. Alban compiled Pontifical Romano-Germanicum (aka Otto African Pontifical ), the text type is available in various manuscripts including as Pontifical Płock received. It came to Rome, where it was simplified and with different versions of the Pontificale Romanum saec. XII adapted. For the needs of the papal curia in Rome was around 1210 under Pope Innocent III. a Pontificale Romanae Curiae saec. XIII compiled, which was soon spread abroad. Since it did not take sufficient account of the needs of diocesan bishops , around 1295 Bishop Wilhelm Durandus von Mende, who was designated as a canonist and liturgist in France, initially developed his own pontifical for personal use, but with broader ambitions. Because of its completeness and practicality, other bishops adopted it; In addition to the Curia-pontifical, it was also used at the papal court in Avignon (→ Avignon Papacy ). With the return of the popes to Rome in 1378, it then came there and completely superseded the previous curia-pontifical. The Durandus Pontifical became the template for all later Roman pontificals up to the liturgical reform of the 2nd Vatican under Pope Paul VI.
The first printing of a pontifical took place under Pope Innocent VIII in 1485 by Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini . The first post-Tridentine edition of the “Pontificale Romanum” 1595/96 by Pope Clement VIII is based on his reprint of 1520. It comprises three books. Book I contains the ordinations and blessings of persons, Book II the factual indications, and Book III describes the most important episcopal functions associated with the liturgical year . The 1st and 3rd books remained largely unchanged until the Second Vatican Council ; For the Editio typica emendata of 1961/62, forms that had fallen out of use were admittedly, e.g. B. the coronation, deleted. The 2nd book had the Popes Pius XII - even before the latest liturgical reform by the Second Vatican Council . and John XXIII. significantly change and simplify.
For use in the Orient, especially by the Thomas Christians , the Roman pontifical was translated from Latin into Syriac . Well-known manuscripts: Vat.syr. 89 from 1529, Vat.syr. 66 from 1545, Vat.syr. 186, 18th century, Vat.syr. 600 from 1782, Vat.syr. 512 from 1905.
present
Today, the Roman Pontifical , which is divided into several volumes, is binding for the liturgy of the episcopal sacraments and other celebrations. The original Latin version is fundamental in each case; for worship services, mostly translations into the respective national languages are used.
- Pontifical I, first printed in 1989, current status 1994: De Ordinatione Episcopi, Presbyterorum et Diaconorum ( consecration of bishops, priests and deacons)
- Pontifical II, first printed in 1970, current status 1994:
- Pontifical III, first printed in 1972, current status 1994: De institutione Lectorum et Acolythorum, de admissione inter candidatos ad Diaconatum et Presbyteratum , The commissioning of the lecturers and the acolytes, The acceptance among the candidates for diaconate and priesthood
- Pontifical IV:
- First printing 1977, current status 1994: Ordo dedicationis ecclesiae et altaris , The Consecration of the Church and the Altar
- First edition in 1983, current status in 1994: Ordo benedicendi oleum Catechumenorum et infirmorum et conficiendi chrisma , The blessing of the Katechumenenöls and medical oil and the consecration of the chrism
literature
- M. Sodi (ed.): Il Pontificalis liber di Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini e Giovanni Burcardo (1485) . Edizione anastatica, introduzione e appendice. Libreria editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 2006. ISBN 8820976196 . (it.)
- M. Sodi - AM Triacca (Ed.): Pontificale Romanum. Editio Princeps (1595-1596) . Edizione anastatica, introduzione e appendice. Libreria editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 1997. (lat.)
- Pontificale Romanum. Editio juxta typicam. Reimpressio editionis juxta typicam anno MCMLXII publici juris factae, partibus praecedentibus editionis from illa omissis, 1962. (lat.)
- Niels Krogh Rasmussen: Les Pontificaux du Haut Moyen Age. Genèse du livre de l'évêque. Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense, Leuven 1998 ( Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 49, ISSN 0775-3357 ). (fr.)
- Martin Klöckener: The pontifical as a liturgical book. History - structure and content - significance for the present. In: Winfried Haunerland et al. (Ed.): Manifestatio Ecclesiae. Studies on pontifical and episcopal liturgy. Pustet, Regensburg 2004, ISBN 3-7917-1885-1 , pp. 79–127 ( Studies on Pastoral Liturgy 17), with a tabular overview of the contents of the Pontificale Romanum 1595/1888 - 1962 - according to Vaticanum II.
- Manlio Sodi : Il contributo di Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini e Giovanni Burcardo alla compilazione del "Pontificale Romanum". In: Rivista Liturgica. 94, 2007, ISSN 0035-6956 , pp. 459-472.
