Psychiatric University Clinic Heidelberg

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Psychiatric University Clinic in Heidelberg-Bergheim

The Psychiatric University Clinic Heidelberg was opened on October 15, 1878 as the Grand Ducal Badische Universitäts-Irrenklinik Heidelberg . As part of the University of Heidelberg , it soon gained recognition and has since been considered one of the most renowned institutions in German university psychiatry .

history

1878–1918: Fürstner - Kraepelin - Bonhoeffer - Nissl

The first clinic director was Carl Fürstner (1848–1906) , who was just 29 when he was appointed . As a neuropathologist, however, he gave her little impetus in the thirteen years of his activity.

He was followed by Emil Kraepelin , who headed the clinic from 1891 to 1903. The founder of modern, empirically oriented psychopathology established the clinic's reputation with his pioneering achievements . The precise follow-up of mental disorders he carried out here was the basis for his systematically important elaboration of the clinical picture of dementia praecox and its differentiation from that of manic-depressive insanity , a distinction that has proven to be so fundamental that it is also used in today's subdivision of endogenous psychoses into the group of psychoses of the schizophrenic form and that of the affective psychoses .

Following the example of Wilhelm Wundt , Kraepelin also set up a laboratory in the clinic for psychological experimental research, for which he founded his own journal: the Psychological Works he published from 1894 . - Famous employees of his were Alois Alzheimer (from 1903, habilitation 1904 in Munich), Gustav Aschaffenburg (1891–1901, habilitation 1895), Robert Gaupp (1900–1904, habilitation 1901), Franz Nissl (since 1895, habilitation 1896, 1904 indirect successor of Kraepelin), Ernst Rüdin (1901; again from 1907 in Munich, habilitation 1909), Paul Schröder (around 1900), Ernst Trömner , Wilhelm Weygandt (before 1899), Karl Wilmanns (from 1902; habilitation 1906 at Nissl) and in the psychological laboratory - which was visited by interested parties from all over the world - from 1901 to 1902 also Willy Hellpach . Because his efforts to expand the clinic were unsuccessful, Kraepelin accepted a call to Munich in 1903 , where he continued his successful work with many employees from Heidelberg in 1904 after a trip around the world.

His classically-clinically oriented successor, Karl Bonhoeffer , stayed for only two months, after which the ministry once again appointed Franz Nissl , a neuropathological researcher, as head of the clinic.

Nissl's activity until 1918 was characterized by the fortunate circumstance that he - in addition to Hans Walter Gruhle (since 1905, habilitation 1913) and August Homburger (1873–1930), the long-term head of the outpatient clinic who was oriented towards youth psychiatry and open to psychotherapeutic approaches - was in Martin Pappenheim , Arthur Kronfeld (dissertation 1909), Wilhelm Mayer-Gross a . a. found committed and stimulating employees. Above all, however, from 1909 onwards, Nissl gave Karl Jaspers (Diss. 1908) the opportunity to collaborate: During his years at the clinic, Jaspers promoted the inclusion of self-portrayals by patients in psychiatric work and research, with which he carried out the externally descriptive psychopathology promoted by Kraepelin Consideration also of those inner mental states that the sick actually experience , added. Jaspers laid out the foundations and capabilities of his psychological-phenomenological approach in 1913 in his famous general psychopathology , on the basis of which, with the help of Nissl, he was able to habilitation in the Philosophical Faculty of Psychology . However, he made little further effort there to promote the really psychological thinking that he has firmly anchored in psychiatry beyond the phenomenological-descriptive approach to the capture of the internal dynamics of psychological events, as his long-time colleague Arthur has done since 1910 Kronfeld first in dealing with the psychodynamic thinking of Sigmund Freud tried : his 1912 published initial overall presentation and, initially, sensational epistemological critique of the psychological theories of Freud and related ideas came before Jaspers epochal performance quickly into the background.

1918–1945: Karl Wilmanns - Carl Schneider

The time of Karl Wilmanns' directorate from 1918 to 1933, through which the clinic gained further reputation, was characterized by intensive research on the psychoses of the schizophrenic group , which included self-experiments by employees with psychoactive substances . Among others, Walter Ritter von Baeyer , Hans Bürger-Prinz , Kurt Beringer and Hanns Ruffin worked in the clinic during this time , but above all Hans Prinzhorn , who from 1919 to 1921 laid the foundations for the collection of images of the mentally ill that is now named after him created. In 1933, Wilmanns was immediately forced by the National Socialists to give up his chair because of alleged or actual disrespectful statements about Adolf Hitler and his hysterical character , to which his unhabilitated fellow member Carl Schneider was appointed.

With this psychiatrist, who had previously been recognized for his original scientific work, especially in the field of schizophrenia, whose lines of thought came close to those of Arthur Kronfeld , whose series of publications Small Writings on Soul Research he even continued for a short time in 1928, a staunch National Socialist took the lead in the Clinic. Here he put through a continuous work-therapeutic reorganization, as he saw in therapy through work a " biological healing method " by which he meant that he could lead patients back into the " national community " in the sense of the performance requirements of the Nazi ideology . On the other hand, he also personally campaigned for the consistent implementation of the “ Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Offspring ”: since 1939 he was one of the senior appraisers of the National Socialist euthanasia program , to which at least 200,000 mentally ill people - including those from the Heidelberg clinic - fell victim. Shortly before the American invasion, he fled and took after his capture in the custody 1,946 lives. No charges were ever brought against his staff. A memorial in front of the clinic has been commemorating the victims since 1998.

Since 1945: Kurt Schneider - v. Baeyer - Janzarik - Mundt

With Kurt Schneider , director of the clinic from 1945 to 1955, a scientist came from Munich to Heidelberg, who gained international recognition by working out the first-rate symptoms of schizophrenia . With Walter Ritter von Baeyer (1955–1972), research at the Heidelberg Clinic was given a broader anthropological focus , with a focus of his work being the investigation and assessment of a large number of persecuted, especially Jewish, patients during the National Socialist era . Towards the end of his teaching activities, the general student movement spread to the clinic. It culminated in 1970 with the founding of the socialist patient collective by Wolfgang Huber , an assistant doctor at the clinic. The politicization of the psychodynamic understanding of illness during these restless years still had an impact on Werner Janzarik's early days (1974–1988). Under his clinic management there was a gradual return to classical psychopathological thinking in the tradition of Karl Jasper. During W. Janzarik's tenure, Austria opened the geriatric psychiatric department. Since 1989 the clinic has been managed by Janzarik's former assistant doctor Christoph Mundt. He and his colleagues set the tone in psychological research. The structure of the clinic was modernized under C. Mundt and the building of the former neurological clinic, which was renovated in 1993, was added. In addition, a day clinic was set up and in 2001 the Prinzhorn collection was housed in its own building.

There is a cooperation with the Psychiatric Center North Baden , which among other things functions as a teaching hospital.

Clinic director

  • 1878–1890: The first professor C. Fürstner. Neuropathologist; then Strasbourg .
  • 1891-1903: E. Kraepelin. Founder of empirically oriented psychopathology; then Munich .
  • 1903: K. Bonhoeffer. Founder of the concept of exogenous reaction types; then in Wroclaw .
  • 1904-1918: F. Nissl. Neuropathologist; last Munich
  • 1918-1933: K. Wilmanns. Chair task under pressure from the National Socialists.
  • 1933–1945: Carl Schneider. Senior reviewer of the National Socialist euthanasia program . A memorial in front of the clinic has been commemorating his victims since 1998.
  • 1945–1955: Kurt Schneider. Primary symptoms of schizophrenia; Psychopathies.
  • 1955–1972: W. von Baeyer. Psychiatry of the persecuted.
  • 1974–1988: W. Janzarik. Endogenous psychosis.
  • 1989-2009: Ch. Mundt. Social psychiatry.
  • since 2009: S. Herpertz

Groundbreaking textbooks and monographs from the Psychiatric University Clinic Heidelberg

  • Emil Kraepelin : Psychiatry. A textbook for students and doctors. 6., completely redesigned. 2nd edition Barth, Leipzig 1899
  • Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology. A guide for students, doctors and psychologists. Springer, Berlin 1913 (2nd, revised edition 1920, 3rd, increased and improved edition 1923, 4th, completely new edition 1946, since then reprinted in numerous but unchanged further editions.)
  • Hans Prinzhorn : Bildnerei the mentally ill. A contribution to the psychology and psychopathology of design. Springer, Berlin 1922 Prinzhorn, Hans (1922)
  • Kurt Beringer : The mescaline rush. Its history and appearance. Monograph from the entire field of neurology and psychiatry, Volume 49. Springer, Berlin 1927
  • The schizophrenia. Red. U. with e. Forward vers. by Karl Wilmanns . In: Oswald Bumke (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Volume 9, special part / part 5. Springer, Berlin 1932, repr. 1977, ISBN 3-540-07661-1 .
  • Kurt Schneider : Clinical Psychopathology. Springer, Berlin from 1950 (1946 and 1948 previously udT contributions to psychiatry )

  • Kraepelin, Emil 1899

  • Kraepelin, Emil 1899

  • Kraepelin, Emil 1901

  • Wilmanns, Karl 1908

  • Bonhoeffer, Karl 1910

  • Jaspers, Karl 1913

  • Prinzhorn, Hans 1922

  • Beringer, Kurt 1927

  • Janzarik, Werner 1959

  • Janzarik, Werner 1968

  • Blankenburg, Wolfgang 1971

  • Janzarik, Werner 1974

  • Tellenbach, Hubertus 1976

  • Janzarik, Werner 1988

  • Schneider, Kurt
    15th edition. 2007

The selection was not based on weighting. The examples are from the former H.-P. Haack Leipzig collection, formerly Heidelberg. The copy Janzarik (1959) was kindly made available by Prof. Janzarik as a photographic template.

See also

literature

  • Werner Janzarik: Topics and tendencies in German-speaking psychiatry. Springer, Berlin a. a. 1974, ISBN 3-540-06387-0 . Janzarik, Werner (1974)
  • Werner Janzarik: 100 years of Heidelberg psychiatry. In: Heidelberger Jahrbücher. 22, 1978, ISSN  0073-1641 , pp. 93-113, (Reprint in: Werner Janzarik (Ed.): Psychopathology as basic science. ( Clinical psychology and psychopathology. 8). Enke, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-432-90581 -5 , pp. 1–18)

Web links

Coordinates: 49 ° 24 ′ 36 "  N , 8 ° 41 ′ 16.3"  E