Fine quartz dust

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As quartz dust in is Immissionsschutz the respirable fraction of the crystalline silica in the modifications of quartz and cristobalite , respectively. The respirable fraction of tridymite is also included in occupational safety . Fine quartz dust is also referred to as PM 4 in the specialist literature .

meaning

Fine quartz dust can cause silicosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer in humans . Other possible diseases are chronic bronchitis , scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis . With cristobalite or tridymite, a particularly high risk of developing silicosis is suspected. In order to avoid the occupational disease silicosis and to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer, an agreement on the health protection of workers was concluded in 2006 by the social partners of the manufacturers and industrial processors. The first MAK values were published in 1971. In 1999, the German Research Foundation's Senate Commission for the Examination of Harmful Working Substances determined the carcinogenic effect of the respirable portion of three crystalline forms of silicon dioxide. According to the Federal Environment Agency , fine quartz dust is classified as a carcinogenic substance in Class III of No. 5.2.7.1.1 of the TA Luft .

Fine quartz dust leads to around 20 deaths and 100 recognized respiratory diseases annually in the professional association of the construction industry alone . In Switzerland, between 2005 and 2014, the Swiss Accident Insurance Institute recognized 179 silicosis as an occupational disease caused by quartz dust, of which 178 were men and one woman. Most of the sick were employed in the stone processing industry.

Origin and creation

Quartz dust and fine quartz dust arise in particular during the mining and processing of quartz-containing materials. In addition to mining and the glass and ceramics industry, this also includes foundries. However, quartz dust is also released by agriculture and can be spread by wind drifts.

Corresponding dusts are also released during handling and transshipment of products containing fine quartz dust. A statement about the dusting behavior based on the grain size distribution cannot be made.

Size definition

The size definition is inconsistent in the specialist literature. While it is sometimes assumed that the designation PM 4 used to characterize fine quartz dust, analogous to the designations PM 10 and PM 2.5, stipulates that a separation efficiency of 50% must be present with an aerodynamic diameter of 4 µm, is described elsewhere that the aerodynamic diameter of fine quartz dust is less than or equal to 4 µm.

Metrological recording

The metrological recording of fine quartz dust emissions is carried out using the impaction method . The fraction that is deposited on the final filter is analyzed in a two-stage cascade impactor , which is equipped with separation stages for PM 10 and PM 4 . X-ray diffractometers or infrared spectroscopes are used to determine the mass on the final filter .

The separation stages only serve to separate coarser particles. The fractions collected there are discarded. Only the modifications quartz and cristobalite are recorded and assessed. Cross-sensitivities can occur when mineral admixtures such as orthoclase or albite are present.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b VDI 2066 sheet 11: 2018-05 Measurement of particles; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction (Particulate matter measurement; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 4.
  2. ↑ TRGS 559 edition: February 2010, Mineralischer Staub (GMBl No. 22/23 of April 9, 2010, p. 459, last amended GMBl No. 29 of September 1, 2011, p. 578.)
  3. ↑ a b c Markus Mattenklott, Norbert Höfert: Dusts at workplaces and in the environment - comparison of definitions. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air . 69, No. 4, 2009, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 127-129.
  4. ↑ Claudia Drossard, Heidi Ott, Rüdiger Pipke: Limits of the derivation of limit values. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 78, No. 1/2, 2018, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 19-26.
  5. ↑ a b c Michael F. Koller, Claudia Pletscher: Quartz dust pollution and silicosis in Switzerland. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 79, No. 7/8, 2019, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 261-267.
  6. ↑ Joachim Bruch, Frank Seiler, Bernd Rehn: Primary and secondary genotoxicity of fine quartz dust. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 61, No. 9, 2001, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 365-370.
  7. ↑ Rainer Dörr: Hazardous Substances Days 2016 - the autumn of occupational safety regulations. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 77, No. 1/2, 2017, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 39-42.
  8. ↑ Alfred Schütz: The MAK value for fine quartz dust from the point of view of the conditions in above-ground industry. In: Dust - cleanliness. Air . 31, No. 11, 1971, pp. 443-448.
  9. ↑ Rainer Remus: Fine quartz dust PM4. In: Commission for keeping the air clean in the VDI and DIN (ed.): Dust and dust constituents. VDI-Verlag Düsseldorf 2004, ISBN 3-931384-49-7 , pp. 101-117.
  10. ↑ C. Lehmann, C. Ehrlich: Fine quartz dust emissions (PM4) from industrial plants in Germany. In: Commission for keeping the air clean in the VDI and DIN (ed.): Emissions reduction 2014. VDI-Verlag Düsseldorf 2014, ISBN 978-3-18-092214-0 , pp. 101-109.
  11. ↑ Rainer Dörr, Jana Popritzki: 33. Munich hazardous and safety days - little progress without government. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 78, No. 1/2, 2018, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 27-30.
  12. ↑ VDI 2585: 2006-02 emission reduction; Ceramic industry (Emission control; Ceramic industry). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 6.
  13. ^ Hans-Joachim Woitowitz : Quartz dust. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 61, No. 7/8, 2001, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 291-292.
  14. ↑ Dirk Dahmann, Klemens Möckinghoff: The dustiness of products containing fine quartz dust. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 60, No. 5, 2000, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 213-216.
  15. ↑ Christian Ehrlich, Christian Lehmann, Günter Noll, Ernst Wusterhausen, Wolf-Dieter Kalkoff: Fine quartz dust emissions in the PM4 dust fraction from plants for processing quartz sand and quartz-containing rock - Federal and state measuring programs. In: Journal for Immission Control . 20, No. 1, 2015, ISSN  1430-9262 , pp. 22-28.
  16. ↑ a b VDI 2066 sheet 11: 2018-05 Measurement of particles; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction (Particulate matter measurement; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 10.
  17. ↑ VDI 2066 sheet 11: 2018-05 Measurement of particles; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction (Particulate matter measurement; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 3.
  18. ↑ VDI 2066 sheet 11: 2018-05 Measurement of particles; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction (Particulate matter measurement; Dust measurement in flowing gases; Measurement of emissions of crystalline silicon dioxide (quartz and cristobalite) in the PM 4 fraction). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 20.