silicosis
| Classification according to ICD-10 | |
|---|---|
| J62 | Pneumoconiosis from quartz dust |
| J62.0 | Pneumoconiosis from talc dust |
| J62.8 | Pneumoconiosis due to other quartz dust - silicosis onA |
| ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019) | |
Silicosis (from the Latin silex , genitive silicis , “pebble”, “hard stone”) or quartz dust lung is a so-called pneumoconiosis (dust lung). It is caused by the inhalation of fine dust with α-quartz or another crystalline modification of silicon dioxide , which leads to pulmonary fibrosis .
history
The history of pneumoconiosis (in the case of silicosis among others, dust inhalation disease , Steinhauer lung , grinders lung and Bergmann lungs called) as Commercial disease of miners dates back to the ancient times back. The first written evidence of this can be found in Agricola (1494–1555) in his work De Re Metallica Libri XII . Even Paracelsus (1493-1541) reported as bedeutendster physician of the 16th century in its clinical and anatomical writings detail of the mountain addiction and other mountain diseases . As a pioneer of occupational medicine, Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714) also dealt with the problem of the pneumonia. Until the discovery of X-rays in 1895, pneumonia could only be recognized if the miner had already died. In pathology one always saw the same picture of changes in the tissue of an almost black lung. The term silicosis - caused by fine quartz dust particles - dates back to the 19th century. Silicosis has been listed as a recognized occupational disease since 1929 in the Occupational Disease Ordinance as occupational disease No. 4101. The associated silica tuberculosis has also been listed as occupational disease no.4102 since 1929. In 2002, quartz lung cancer was added as occupational disease No. 4112.
The first work on the diagnosis of silicosis came from Viktor Reichmann , who paved the way for modern silicosis research with his 1931 work On Diagnosis and Assessment of Silicosis.
Origin and Effect
The dust lung is caused by the accumulation of dust in the lungs and the reaction of the tissue to its presence. The earlier mechanical theory, based on the hardness and sharpness of the quartz dust, is now outdated. More recently, the immune theory of the development of silicosis has been used more strongly. There is agreement about the central importance of morphologically and biochemically verified dysfunction of alveolar macrophages (also dust cells called phagocytes on the surface of alveoli ) and the type II pneumocytes (so called niche cells) for the emergence of silicosis. The silicon dioxide modifications cristobalite or tridymite potentially contained in fine quartz dust are assumed to have a particularly high risk of developing silicosis.
The alveolar macrophages incorporate the quartz particles and thereby trigger inflammation combined with a subsequent fibrosis (pathological increase in connective tissue). The tissue hardens during this foreign body reaction . Only quartz-containing dust particles with a diameter of ≤ 5 μm can reach the alveolar macrophages. Larger particles are held up by the bronchial system .
The quartz particles are taken up by the alveolar macrophages, but cannot be broken down, so that the macrophages perish. This sets in motion a chronic inflammation, which leads to the formation of granulomas and the formation of new connective tissue between the alveoli and the blood vessels surrounding them . As a result, the surface area of the lungs that has to take up oxygen becomes smaller and smaller, so that the capacity for oxygen is reduced. A lung damaged in this way is also a breeding ground for other diseases, such as lung cancer and tuberculosis . In these cases one speaks of lung cancer with quartz and silica-tuberculosis.
Occur
Silicosis is a typical occupational disease of miners, in particular of tusks , who were mainly involved in road excavation. This disease occurs particularly often when pumice stone is broken down.
Silicosis is also a major problem for workers in Chinese gem cutting shops who develop it after just a few years. The operators, Hong Kong stone and jewelry companies, refuse any compensation for their workers. In the meantime, those affected have organized themselves and even carry their protest to jewelry fairs in Europe.
According to press reports, workers in the Turkish textile industry who bleach trousers with sandblasting machines in the context of jeans production are also acutely affected. Therefore, sandblasting was banned in the textile industry in Turkey in 2009. The production was then relocated to other countries.
Also, inhaled, fine-grained or powdered talc (talcum) , which is used inter alia in the rubber and paper industry, in cosmetics or in gymnastics, can cause pulmonary fibrosis (talc pneumoconiosis, Talkose) . According to the prevailing opinion, contamination by quartz or asbestos is responsible, so that the disease is classified as modified silicosis or asbestosis .
Silicosis is a major problem for workers in Indian stone mines near Budhpura, a village in the south of the Indian state of Rajasthan , particularly in connection with child labor .
Recognition as an occupational disease
The silicosis and silico tuberculosis are as since 1929 occupational illnesses recognized. But it took a long time to be implemented in individual cases. In Switzerland, silicosis has been recognized as an occupational disease by the Swiss Accident Insurance Fund since 1932.
For example, a Fritz Herbst denies in his dissertation Der Ramsbecker Bergbau, development and prospects taking into account the natural foundations of mining, (Großenhain i. Sa. 1931: Plasnick), Clausthal BA. 1931 that the miners from Ramsbeck died of silicosis between the ages of 40 and 45. As a cause of the poor state of health, the mine operation comes into consideration only in second place. The main reason for this is rather the poor standard of living such as the uncleanliness of the people who did not change their clothes, excessive lifestyle with inbreeding and especially the excessive consumption of brandy. The harsh climate of the Sauerland can also easily cause colds, which degenerate into insidious diseases such as consumption , which has nothing to do with mining. At the time of his doctoral thesis, Fritz Herbst was already in contact with Stolberger Zink AG , where he later became a board member.
Long after the Second World War , the miners and their widows had a hard time getting a fair pension.
literature
- S2- guideline quartz dust disease (silicosis), diagnosis and assessment of the occupational disease no. 4101 of the German Society for Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine (DGP). In: AWMF online (as of 2008)
- Marvin I. Schwarz, Talmadge E. King: Interstitial Lung Disease . PMPH-USA, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60795-024-0 , pp. 499–542 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Walter Siegenthaler: Siegenthaler's differential diagnosis. Internal diseases - from symptom to diagnosis . 19th edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-13-344819-6 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Nikolaus Konietzko u. a .: diseases of the lungs. De Gruyter, 1994, ISBN 3-11-012130-1 , pp. 444-455.
- ↑ Joachim Frey : Silicosis (Pneumoconiosis). In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition, ibid. 1961, pp. 699-705.
- ^ Georgius Agricola: De Re Metallica Libri XII . Translation into German by Carl Schiffer, VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 1977, p. 183, ISBN 3-18-400383-3
- ↑ a b S2 guideline quartz dust disease (silicosis), diagnosis and assessment of the occupational disease No. 4101 of the German Society for Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine (DGP). In: AWMF online (as of 2008)
- ↑ University of Rostock - Medical Faculty, Institute for Occupational Medicine, Leaflet on Occupational Disease No. 4112, Lung cancer with proven quartz dust disease (lung cancer with quartz)
- ↑ Joachim Bruch, Frank Seiler, Bernd Rehn: Primary and secondary genotoxicity of fine quartz dust. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air . 61, No. 9, 2001, ISSN 0949-8036 , pp. 365-370.
- ^ Info from the Swiss Confederation of Trade Unions of March 24, 2006
- ↑ Dominique Schärer: Downsides of the Basel jewelry fair . Swissinfo.org internet portal of March 31, 2006.
- ↑ Peter Hell: Turkish textile factories - deadly sand in the jeans machine . Spiegel Online from March 22, 2009.
- ↑ Carsten Hoffmann: Murderous fashion industry: Jeans kill sandblasting workers . n-tv.de from November 28, 2010.
- ↑ Nikolaus Konietzko u. a .: diseases of the lungs . 1994, p. 472.
- ↑ Petra Sorge and Julia Wadhawan: The blood that sticks to your natural stone terrace . Spiegel Online article from January 4, 2018.
- ↑ Michael F. Koller, Claudia Pletscher: Quartz dust pollution and silicosis in Switzerland. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 79, No. 7/8, 2019, ISSN 0949-8036 , pp. 261-267.
- ^ Herbert Stahl (editor): The legacy of ore . Volume 5: New news and stories about the Bensberg ore district . Bergisch Gladbach 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-044826-3 , Section 11: The silicosis and authoritarianism , p. 114 ff.
