Queensferry Crossing
Coordinates: 56 ° 0 ′ 16 " N , 3 ° 24 ′ 45" W.
| Queensferry Crossing | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Convicted |
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| Crossing of | Firth of Forth | |
| place |
South Queensferry - North Queensferry |
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| construction | Cable-stayed bridge | |
| overall length | 2633 m | |
| width | 39.8 m | |
| Longest span | 650 m | |
| start of building | June 2011 | |
| completion | August 30, 2017 | |
| opening | 4th September 2017 | |
| planner | Arup + Jacobs Engineering | |
| location | ||
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The Queensferry Crossing (formerly known as Forth Replacement Crossing ) leads the M90 motorway over the Firth of Forth in Scotland . It stands between South Queensferry in Lothian and North Queensferry in Fife and is the third Forth crossing in Queensferry, next to the Forth Road Bridge , a road bridge from 1964, and the Forth Bridge , a railway bridge opened in 1890.
It was part of a larger road construction project that has been described as Scotland's largest infrastructure project in a generation.
description
The motorway bridge, which is around 2,700 m long, has two lanes and one hard shoulder in each direction of travel. Steel pipe railings serve as a restraint system , behind which there are wind protection fences with horizontal, semi-transparent slats, between which a view over the Firth of Forth, which is more than 50 m lower, is possible.
These 3.3 m high windbreak fences allow cars to use the bridge up to wind speeds (gusts) of 160 km / h (100 mph), while the traffic on the neighboring Forth Road Bridge is already at wind speeds of just under 105 km / h ( 65 mph), which is common on the Firth of Forth. The bridge's website transmits the wind speeds online.
The bridge is the first in Scotland to have an electronic traffic control system . At both ends of the bridge and on the pylons there are large boxes with display boards and measuring devices, which can also be used to record the average speed driven on the bridge.
The cable-stayed bridge
The main bridge is a 2015 m long cable-stayed bridge with three pylon posts and two 650 m wide main openings, the stay cables of which cross over the main openings. It has pillar spacing of 104 + 223 + 650 + 650 + 223 + 104 m. The track girder with the stay cables protrudes 39 m at the southern end and about 22 m at the northern end into the next field.
The middle pylon is the tallest in the UK at 210.7 m . It stands on a small rock island called Beamer Rock , of which, however, nothing can be seen above the water level after the foundation work. The other two are each 202.3 m above the water level. The reinforced concrete pylons have a hollow cross-section with slightly curved outer surfaces and measure 14 m × 16 m at the base and 4.5 m × 7.5 m at the top.
The stay cables are arranged in a fan shape in two almost vertical levels and anchored at a distance of a few meters between the directional lanes in the middle section of the girder. The crossing of the stay cables above the main openings is a construction method that has been implemented for the first time in the world. It is the result of intensive calculations, serves to better distribute the load and enables slimmer pylons.
The deck girder is 39.8 m wide, including the central part for anchoring the stay cables. The hollow box composite construction has a floor slab and webs made of orthotropic slabs , which are internally stiffened several times by longitudinal and diagonal struts. The cover plate is made of prestressed concrete. The roadway girder has the middle pylon as a fixed point and sliding bearings on the outer pylons. It is connected to the two ramp bridges to form a continuous beam . There are - very large - transition structures only at both ends of the bridge .
The headroom in the two main openings is 47.85 m above MHWS .
The ramp bridges
The two ramp bridges are parallel hollow box composite constructions made of orthotropic slabs and cover slabs made of prestressed concrete, which instead of the central part for anchoring the stay cables are approx. 6 m apart. The southern ramp bridge is 543 m long with pillar spacing of 64 + 80 + 90 + 4 × 87 m, whereby the last field is only 48 m on the ramp bridge and 39 m on the cable-stayed bridge. The northern ramp bridge has a field of 97 m, of which 22 m is accounted for by the cable-stayed bridge and 75 m for the ramp bridge.
The separate superstructures are supported by shared, centrally arranged V-shaped pillars made of reinforced concrete. On the two abutments there are two-story building structures below the roadway, in which the devices for monitoring and maintenance of the bridge are housed and through which the middle section can be reached without crossing the roadway.
history
The first proposals for a second road crossing of the Forth at this point were made in the 1990s, but it wasn't until the discovery of structural weaknesses in the Forth Road Bridge in 2005 that things got moving. Transport Scotland , the responsible transport authority, carried out extensive studies in 2006 and 2007 that led to the decision to build a cable-stayed bridge at the end of 2007. Transport Scotland then hired Arup and Jacobs Engineering to do project studies and design the bridge. The examination of numerous alternatives finally led, under the direction of Naeem Hussain, to the design of the stay cable bridge with crossing stay cables. The Forth Crossing Bill was presented to the Scottish Parliament in November 2009 and passed in late 2010.
The invitation to tender met with great interest, but only two bids for the bridge were submitted. In April 2010, Forth received Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC), a joint venture of Dragados , Hochtief , American Bridge Company , and Morrison Construction. the order for £ 790 million, which in addition to the bridge also included some road construction and infrastructure works.
FCBC commissioned the engineering offices Ramboll , Leonhardt, Andrä und Partner , and Grontmij with the structural and implementation planning.
Construction work began in July 2010 with the construction of the construction site. The steel troughs for the bridge's deck girders were made in China and shipped to the shipyard in Rosyth near the bridge. There they were provided with the concrete cover and then lifted or pushed into the bridge (northern ramp bridge).
After a referendum in 2013, it was decided to name the bridge Queensfery Crossing .
The contractually scheduled completion date for December 2016 was delayed because construction often had to be interrupted due to strong winds.
The traffic handover took place on August 30, 2017 and on September 4, 2017 the bridge was ceremoniously opened by Queen Elizabeth II , which had opened the Forth Road Bridge exactly 53 years earlier .
The contract price of £ 790 million for the bridge and other services was not exceeded.
Archaeological excavations
Before construction began, extensive archaeological excavations were carried out on both banks, during the course of which traces of two Mesolithic settlements were found - the oldest settlements in Scotland, around 10,000 years old.
literature
- Congreso International de Estruturas VII, Congreso de la Asociación Científico-Técnica del Hormigón Estructural (ACHE), A Coruña. In: Hormigón y Acero , Volume 68 - Especial Congreso, June 2017, with the contributions (Spanish / English):
- No. 214, p. 42
Enrique Martí Bandrés, Germán Barés Lucindo, Raimon Rucabado Jiménez, Rafael de la Sotilla Claras:
Maniobra de empuje del viaducto de aproximación norte del puente de Queensferry Crossing
Launching of the Approach Viaduct North of the Queensferry Crossing Bridge - No. 348, p. 73
Richard Hornby, Matt Carter, Steve Kite, Billy Minto:
Puente de Queensferry. Diseño conceptual y diseño base
Queensferry Crossing - Development for concept to specimen design - No. 354, p. 75
Joseph Michael Martin, Peter Curran, Felipe Tarquis Alfonso, Peter Walser, Stephan Hamm:
El puente Queensferry Crossing. Desarollo del diseño ganador
Queensferry Crossing Bridge. Development of the winning design - No. 355, p. 75
Héctor Bernardo Gutiérrez, Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, José Manuel González Barcina, Francisco Niño Tejedor, Steve Thompson:
Nuevo Queensferry Crossing. Lanzamiento del viaducto de acceso sur
New Queensferry Crossing. South approach viaduct launching - No. 369, p. 80
Héctor Bernardo Gutiérrez, Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Antonio Martínez Cutillas, Martin Romberg, Felipe Tarquis Alfonso:
Cierres del tablero en el nuevo Queensferry Crossing
Deck closures in the new Queensferry Crossing - No. 372, p. 81
Héctor Bernardo Gutiérrez, Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Gabriel Menéndez ‑ Pidal Sendrail, Steve Thompson, Alan Ward:
Lanzamiento del viaducto de acceso norte
New Queensferry Crossing. North approach viaduct launching - No. 375, p. 83
Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Nicolás Burbano Pita, Manuel Pita Olalla, Stephan Hamm, Raimundo Saiz Pérez:
Cimentaciones tablestacadas en el nuevo Queensferry Crossing
Sheet piled foundations in the new Queensferry Crossing - No. 376, p. 84
Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Stephan Hamm, Peter Walser, Martin Romberg, Felipe Tarquis Alfonso:
Construcción de las torres atirantadas del nuevo Queensferry Crossing
Tower construction in the new Queensferry Crossing - No. 389, p. 85
Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Dan J. Raynor, Martin Romberg, Peter Walser, Felipe Tarquis Alfonso:
Métodos constructivos en el tramo atirantado del nuevo Queensferry Crossing
Temporary works for the cable stayed deck in the new Queensferry Crossing - No. 455, p. 92
Antonio Vázquez Salgueiro, Miguel González Olivares, Martin Romberg, Peter Walser, Rachid Annan:
New Queensferry Crossing. Sistema de atirantamiento
New Queensferry Crossing. Cable stay system .
- No. 214, p. 42
Web links
- The Forth Bridges
- Forth Replacement Crossing , Transport Scotland
Individual evidence
- ↑ General plan on transport.gov.scot
- ↑ a b Facts and figures | Queensferry Crossing on theforthbridges.org
- ↑ Queensferry Crossing website of the bridge
- ↑ a b Queensferry Crossing - The deck on ramboll.com
- ↑ wind and weather on theforthbridges.org
- ^ Intelligent Transport System (ITS) on theforthbridges.org
- ↑ a b Scheme drawing Alzado general / General Elevation in No. 372, Nuevo Queensferry Crossing. Lanzamiento del Viaducto de Acceso Norte / New Queensferry Crossing. North Approach Viaduct Launching (see: literature)
- ↑ The Queensferry Crossing on transport.gov.scot
- ↑ a b c Queensferry Crossing on ramboll.com
- ↑ Jens Christian Kærn, John Elnegaard Hansen: Queensferry crossing cable ‐ stayed composite bridge. In: ce / papers , Volume 1, Issue 2–3, Special Issue: Proceedings of Eurosteel 2017, abstract
- ^ A b Forth Replacement Crossing (The Queensferry Crossing) on americanbridge.net
- ↑ Google Street View
- ↑ Queensferry Crossing - The largest infrastructure project in Scotland for a generation on arup.com
- ↑ Queensferry Crossing on jacobs.com
- ^ Visionary bridge designer, Naeem Hussain, wins the Prince Philip Medal. Royal Academy of Engineering, June 25, 2012
- ↑ Forth Replacement Crossing on dragados.co.uk
- ↑ Queensferry Crossing - Bridges & Structures on hochtief.co.uk
- ↑ Queensferry Crossing on morrisonconstruction.co.uk
- ^ Forth Replacement Crossing Cable-Stayed Bridge on roadtraffic-technology.com
- ^ Opening of the Queensferry Crossing
- ↑ a b c Queensferry Crossing on engineering-timelines.com
- ↑ a b Forth Replacement Crossing on audit-scotland.gov.uk
- ↑ The frequently mentioned construction costs of £ 1.35 billion include all the measures that Transport Scotland had initiated for the large-scale transport project, but which had nothing to do with the construction of the bridge.
- ^ Forth Replacement Crossing, Edinburgh on headlandarchaeology.com
