Rapeseed oil

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Rapeseed oil
02015 1201 Rapeseed oil in Poland.JPG
Raw material plant (noun)
origin

Seeds

colour

light yellow to amber

ingredients
Oleic acid 51-70%; up to 84% (HO, HOLL rape);
(13–38% old varieties)
Linoleic acid 15-30%; 5-13% (HO-, HOLL);
(10–22% old varieties)
Linolenic acid 5-14%; up to 3–5% (HO, HOLL rape);
(2–10% old varieties)
Palmitic acid 2-7%; 3–4% (HO, HOLL rape)
2–3% (old varieties)
More fatty acids Stearic acid 1–3%, erucic acid 0.2–1.2% (35–64% old varieties), gadoleic acid 1–3%, (old varieties 5–10% gondo acid , gadoleic acid and nervonic acid )
Σ saturated fat 6%
Σ monounsaturated fatty acids 66%
Σ polyunsaturated fatty acids 27%
Other ingredients Tocopherol up to 2500 mg / kg, phytosterols 5-11 g / kg
properties
density 0.91-0.917 kg / l at 15 ° C
viscosity = 72 mm 2 / s at 20 ° C
Oxidation stability 3–5.5 h (cold pressed); 5-10 h (refined);
(HO-, HOLL about 65% higher)
Melting point −2 to −10 ° C
Smoke point 130 ° C (cold pressed);
200 ° C (refined)
Flash point 275-290 ° C
Iodine number 97-126
Saponification number 168-193
Calorific value 39.7 MJ / kg
Cetane number 37.6; 40
Manufacturing and Consumption
Production worldwide 18.4 million tons (2007/08);
29 million tons (2014)
Most important production countries EU, China , Canada , India
use Edible oil , animal feed, biofuels, oleochemicals

Rapeseed is an important crop in Germany.
Rapeseed pod with grains
View into an open oil press: The pressed rapeseed oil comes out between the strainer bars .

Rapeseed oil or rapeseed oil (also colza , Kolzaöl and Kohlsaatöl called) is a vegetable oil selected from the seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus ), or less commonly, by the close relatives, the turnip ( Brassica rapa subsp. Oleifera ) is obtained.

Rapeseed oil originally had a high proportion of bitter substances and the nutritionally questionable erucic acid and was therefore rarely used in nutrition, but mainly as lamp oil , lubricant and base material for soap production . Since the breeding of varieties with lower levels of erucic acid and bitter substances from the turnip in the late 1960s in Canada and in the 1970s (0-rape, canola oilseed rape, in contrast to conventional oilseed rape Rapeseed ) and 1980s ( 00- Oilseed rape ) (basic research work: Werner Thies , Göttingen), oilseed rape has developed into one of the most important oil crops worldwide and by far the dominant oil plant in Germany . Rapeseed cultivation and rapeseed oil production have multiplied. At first it was mainly used as food and for various material applications. The use of rapeseed oil as a biofuel and vegetable oil fuel began in the late 1990s . In Germany, the main use today is the transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel ( rapeseed methyl ester ).

Rapeseed oil production

Compare: rapeseed and oil mill

Rapeseed oil is obtained in oil mills by pressing or extracting the rapeseed. The following procedures are used here:

The oil content is around 40 to 50%, the yield around a third of the seeds. The remaining protein and energy-rich rapeseed mass ( rapeseed cake , rapeseed expeller or rapeseed meal ) is an important by- product and is mostly used as animal feed .

During the production of rapeseed oil, the black husks of the rapeseed are removed before pressing, so that only the yellow kernels are processed. This prevents the bitter substances from the peel of the seed from being introduced into the oil.

Structure of triolein : three oleic acid residues are bound to a glycerol residue via ester bonds

composition

This section needs to be revised: A more exact separation of the HEAR and LEAR types ("00") has to be made. - Cvf-ps Disk +/− 12:22, May 16, 2012 (CEST)
Please help to improve it and then remove this mark.

See: vegetable oils

Vegetable oils consist of triacylglycerides in which three fatty acid residues are bonded to a glycerol residue via ester bonds (see illustration of triolein: triacylglyceride with three oleic acid residues). The different vegetable oils differ in the type and proportions of fatty acid residues in the triacylglycerides.

The old varieties have a high proportion of eruca, gondo , gadoleic and nervonic acid , and the plus zero rape variety (+ 0 rape) also contains a lot of erucic acid. These varieties are called HEAR rapeseed (High Eruic Acid Rapeseed). The newer rapeseed oils of the 0 quality or the 00 quality that is predominantly grown today have reduced (0.5–1.5%) or almost no (<0.1%) levels of the fatty acid erucic acid (Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed, LEAR; canola ). 00 rapeseed oil also consists of high proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids , such as oleic acid in particular . In addition, HO rape , which has an increased oleic acid content, and HOLLi rape with a modified fatty acid composition are used for oil production.

The proportion of essential fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid , is several times higher than that of olive oil, for example .

Rapeseed oil solidifies at −2 to −4 ° C to form a whitish solid mass.

Cold-pressed rapeseed oil has a much higher proportion of vitamins , carotenoids and other fat accompanying substances than refined rapeseed oil. If it is heated to high temperatures, some of these substances decompose and can lead to an unpleasant aftertaste. From a nutritional point of view, cold-pressed rapeseed oil is nevertheless preferable to refined rapeseed oil for frying and deep-frying, as the accompanying fat substances inhibit the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and thus the formation of harmful fat breakdown products.

In addition to double-zero rape with reduced proportions of erucic acid, other varieties with altered fatty acid proportions have been and are being bred. By higher proportions of oleic acid z. B. the suitability as deep-frying fat can be improved. In Erucaraps , the proportion of erucic acid is increased to 55% in order to be able to meet the demand for this fatty acid in the oleochemicals or for the cosmetic industry.

use

Technical use

Compare: biofuel , biodiesel and hydrogenated vegetable oil

Rapeseed oil is used today, especially in Europe, primarily for the production of biofuels . A smaller part is used as vegetable oil fuel, while the larger part is converted into biodiesel ( fatty acid methyl ester [ FAME] or more precisely rapeseed methyl ester [RME]) through transesterification . Large amounts of glycerine are produced as a by-product . Use in fuels as hydrogenated vegetable oil is also expected in the future.

As a raw material ( renewable raw material ) for material use in industry, rapeseed oil is used in many ways. Most of it is used for technical purposes. In the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, it is used to manufacture medical ointments and cosmetic formulations. Material applications for rapeseed oil include:

Hardened rapeseed oil (rapeseed wax) can be processed into candles .

nutrition

Rapeseed oil was originally produced for technical purposes (e.g. as a lubricant). It only became interesting for nutrition through changed varieties that have a reduced content of bitter substances . Since the end of the twentieth century, the use of rapeseed oil in nutrition, as an edible oil and for the production of edible fats ( margarine ), has increased significantly. To assess the sensory quality of cold-pressed (“native”) rapeseed oils, the German Society for Fat Science (DGF) set up the “DGF rapeseed oil panel” (in German: “Committee for the evaluation of rapeseed oil”) and has been awarding it annually since 2006 DGF rapeseed oil medals for the excellent taste of native rapeseed cooking oils.

Market importance

With around 29 million tons (2014), rapeseed oil is one of the three most commonly produced vegetable oils alongside palm and soybean oil .

Rapeseed cultivation in Germany

Main article: rapeseed

At the beginning of the 1970s, rapeseed cultivation was of little importance with less than 100,000 ha (<1% of the arable land). From 1974 to 1976 the so-called zero rapeseed (0 quality) was introduced, in which the high proportion of erucic acid had been reduced to 0.5 to 1.5% through breeding. In 1986/87 the double zero rape (00 quality) with now less than 0.1% erucic acid content and a reduced bitter substance content ( glucosinolates ) was introduced. The area under cultivation has increased from around 400,000 ha in 1986 to 1.47 million ha (around 12% of the arable land) in 2009. In the years 2002 to 2007, the average yield per hectare was between 2.9 and 4.3 t of rapeseed. In 2009 a total harvest of 6.21 million t was achieved. In Germany, winter rape is grown almost exclusively .

Use in Germany

In 2006/07, 6.5 million t of rapeseed were processed in Germany. The processing capacity or the amount actually processed is significantly higher than the amount produced domestically, which is why a significant proportion is covered by imports. 2.67 million t (3.54 million t in 2014) of rapeseed oil were produced and thus accounted for 77% of the total production of vegetable oils and fats. 90% of the oil was further processed. Most of the rapeseed oil was used for technical applications, especially for biofuels (1.58 million t). With 21.8%, a smaller proportion of the rapeseed oil was processed into food (> 33% edible oil,> 25% food, around 25% margarine, around 10% into other products).

In Germany, the share of declared rapeseed oil in the edible oil market was 11.2% in 2007. In 2003 it was only 4.8%. Rapeseed oil that is not openly declared and is sold under the name of vegetable oil results in an overall market share that is comparable to that of sunflower oil . Since rapeseed oil is regarded as valuable for nutrition due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, it is expected that its importance will continue to grow.

Perspectives

Compare: biofuel

The demand for vegetable oil is increasing rapidly worldwide. From 2001/02 to 2008/09 production rose by over 47% from 90.5 to 133.7 million t. The production of rapeseed oil rose in the period from 13.3 to 19.4 million t (+ 46%). There was also a strong expansion in Germany (see above: Rapeseed cultivation in Germany ). Since rapeseed oil is mainly used for biofuels, its future importance depends heavily on the further promotion of these fuels. In Germany they were initially supported by a tax exemption. In 2006, a gradual abolition was established and instead the Biofuel Quota Act introduced an obligation to mix biofuels with fossil fuels (biofuel quota). This change initially led to a collapse in biofuel sales and thus in rapeseed oil sales. The blending quota was initially supposed to be 6.25% in 2009, but was reduced retrospectively to 5.25% on June 18, 2009. From 2010 to 2014 it should be 6.25% and increase from 2015 and be 10% in 2020. Therefore, rapeseed oil is expected to become increasingly important.

In Germany, rapeseed oil comes first in processing. In 2008 around 3.2 million tons of rapeseed oil were produced, which is 80% of the total vegetable oil production. In addition, 0.5 million t were imported and exports also amounted to 0.5 million t.

Evaluation of rapeseed oil use

See: bioenergy

Rapeseed oil is mainly used as fuel or for fuel production. This use or the hoped-for advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Vegetable fuels replace fuels of fossil origin. In order for this to happen to a significant extent, however, renewable raw materials , such as rapeseed above all in Germany , must be grown on a large scale. This leads to increased use and land competition for food production (e.g. pasture land), environmental protection (fallow land, conservation of biodiversity) and others (see article: Competition for land use or competition for land) .

The yield per unit area is, compared to other raw materials for biofuel production, sometimes significantly lower. However, factors such as economic efficiency, the energy balance of the overall process (e.g. including production), environmental and climate compatibility, etc. must be taken into account, so that a holistic comparison is relatively time-consuming (see article: Biofuel ) .

With regard to the climate compatibility of the use of rapeseed oil, the emissions of the strong greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (300 times as strong as carbon dioxide) during rapeseed cultivation are discussed in particular .

The cultivation of rapeseed requires a relatively high level of fertilization and plant protection, which is why the increased cultivation has been controversial in recent decades. These disadvantages are offset by advantages such as resource conservation, reduced dependence on raw material imports, strengthening of the regional economy, etc., which are also difficult to weight and make an overall assessment of the use of rapeseed oil difficult.

Web links

Wiktionary: Rapeseed oil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants: Rapeseed Oil and Nutrition , accessed December 13, 2014
  • Rapeseed Processing (PDF; 320 kB), on desmetballestrarosedowns.com, accessed on May 13, 2017.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e German Society for Fat Science : Fatty acid composition of important vegetable and animal edible fats and oils ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dgfett.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed August 28, 2010.
  2. ^ A b c d Johann Vollmann, Istvan Rajcan: Oil Crops. Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-0-387-77593-7 , p. 99, limited preview in the Google book search.
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  4. ↑ a b c d Vistive HOLLI-Winteraps (PDF; 394 kB), special edition rapeseed. 4/2008.
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  6. ↑ a b Ullmann's Food and Feed. Vol. 2, Wiley, 2017, ISBN 978-3-527-33990-7 , pp. 659, 661, 665, 721 f.
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  8. ↑ Which fat and oil for which purpose? (PDF; 179 kB), from dgfett.de, accessed on May 13, 2017.
  9. ↑ Jens Schaak: Emissions from the diesel engine combustion of vegetable oils and ... Dissertation, Techn. Univ. Braunschweig, Cuvillier, 2012, ISBN 978-3-95404-173-2 , p. 364.
  10. ^ Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. 1. Volume: A – I , Springer, 1938, ISBN 978-3-642-49473-4 , p. 692.
  11. ↑ Rapeseed oil on Öl-kontor.de, accessed on May 11, 2017.
  12. ↑ a b c Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry . Vol A 10, Fats and oils , VCH, Weinheim 1995.
  13. ↑ a b Alain Karleskind: Manuel des corps gras. 2. Volumes, AFCEG, TEC DOC, Paris 1992, ISBN 978-2-85206-662-5 .
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  19. ^ Fereidoon Shahidi: Canola and Rapeseed. Springer, 1990, ISBN 978-1-4613-6744-4 , pp. 6-15.
  20. ↑ Brewster Kneen: The Rape of Canola. NC Press, 1992, ISBN 1-55021-066-1 , p. 27.
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  22. ↑ a b c d e Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants (UFOP) e. V .: Production and use of rapeseed in Germany ( Memento of the original from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.54 MB), 2007, 8 pages, accessed August 28, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ufop.de
  23. ↑ Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants (UFOP) e. V .: Rapsmagazin 2009 (PDF; 2.31 MB), 30-page brochure, accessed August 28, 2010.
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  27. ↑ Satu Pekkarinen et al .: Effect of processing on the oxidative stability of low erucic acid turnip rapeseed (Brassica rapa) oil. In: lipid / fat. Volume 100, Issue 3 (1998), pp. 69-74, doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1521-4133 (199803) 100: 3 <69 :: AID-LIPI69> 3.0.CO; 2-H .
  28. ↑ UFOP e. V .: Roadmap biofuels  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 127 kB), strategy paper of various institutions and companies for the further promotion of biofuels, 4 pages, November 21, 2007, accessed August 28, 2010.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bmu.de  
  29. ^ Sascha Peters: Materialrevolution II. De Gruyter, 2014, ISBN 978-3-03821-000-9 , p. 82.
  30. ↑ Oilseeds World Markets and Trade (PDF; 1.02 MB), USDA , May 2017, accessed on May 12, 2017.
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  34. ↑ Data and facts. on ovid-verband.de. (No longer available online.) OVID , archived from the original on February 10, 2010 ; Retrieved August 28, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ovid-verband.de
  35. ↑ E.-A. Kaiser, K. Kohrs, M. Kücke, E. Schnug, JC Munch: Nitrous oxide release from arable soil: importance of perennial forage crops . In: Biology and Fertility of Soils . tape 28 , no. 1 , November 16, 1998, ISSN  0178-2762 , p. 36-43 , doi : 10.1007 / s003740050460 .
  36. ↑ Silke Schmidt-Thrö, Bayerischer Rundfunk: Lachgas : How can rapeseed cultivation become more sustainable? In: BR.de. June 3, 2015, accessed June 1, 2018 .
  37. ↑ Biofuel: Sobering carbon footprint. In: ZEIT ONLINE. Retrieved June 1, 2018 .