Raffaello Lambruschini

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Raffaello Lambruschini

Raffaello Lambruschini (born August 14, 1788 in Genoa , † March 8, 1873 in Florence ) was an Italian politician, agronomist and educator.

biography

The first years

He was born on August 14, 1788 in Genoa to Luigi Lambruschini and Antonietta Levrero. He began his studies in his hometown and continued it later in Livorno , where his father had moved with his family for his business and also because of the return of the French government after the battle of Marengo .

At the request of his family, Raffaello moved to Rome under the supervision of his two paternal uncles, Mons. Giovanni Battista and the Barnabite priest Luigi Lambruschini (future cardinal and state secretary) to pursue his theological studies and his ecclesiastical career. He completed his preparation for the priesthood under the direction of the Jesuits in the Orvieto Diocesan Seminary . Here, not only was his classical training, which was essential for a fast and brilliant prelate career, refined, but he was also able to face the new ideas of freedom, justice and equality brought with them by numerous Neapolitan exiles. The contact with these displaced persons influenced his civil and political education by opening up to the egalitarian and humanitarian aspects. He defined the moral and civic principles that must be developed among young people, especially in the field of general and professional training.

He was arrested on February 18, 1812 and deported into exile in Corsica . During this time he corresponded with Angelo Mai and read numerous works, including the Théorie élémentaire de la botanique. This opened his eyes to the abstract nature of the processes of theological and moral sciences and introduced him in an experimental and critical manner to dealing with problems in order to apply the advances in science to the implementation of a new culture.

Lambruschini himself later referred to this period of exile as "his true spiritual renewal".

Priesthood and cultural education

After his release in 1814, he entered the prelature of the congregations of the Roman Curia , but did not approve of the new direction of the Church, "which no longer sought to win the people but to subdue them". He soon retired and in 1816 set up his residence in Figline Valdarno , on his father's estate in San Cerbone.

In Valdarno, through psychological introspection and detailed empirical observation of the various problems that influenced the Italian and European consciousness of the time, he managed to grasp the fundamental questions in their historical development. All of this was favored by the Tuscan culture of the time, influenced by Galilean thought, orientated towards sensitivity and realism and not interested in pure philosophical speculation. The management of the huge estate of San Cerbone took a long time: plowing, chopping, pruning ...; hence he had given up theoretical speculations in order to examine the various aspects of production. Inspired by the desire for innovation in agriculture, he went from time to time to Florence to hear the botanical lessons of Prof. Carlo Passerini and Prof. Ottaviano Targioni and to deepen his knowledge of agriculture.

In the years 1823-1824 Lambruschini began to visit the Accademia dei Georgofili in order to find a solution to the agricultural problem, which in his opinion, through better and more rational use of the soil, through the introduction of new techniques that had already been tested elsewhere and could be solved by introducing new forms of production. It was Passerini himself who introduced him to the editorial office of the Giornale Agrario; so he had the opportunity to meet Giovan Pietro Vieusseux and all the intellectuals of the committee: Gino Capponi , Cosimo Ridolfi, Bettino Ricasoli , Niccolò Tommaseo , Vincenzo Salvagnoli. Together with them, Lambruschini endeavored to improve the living conditions of the people and to awaken a sense of community by setting up Lancaster schools, arts and crafts, savings banks, kindergartens and magazines. All of these initiatives should stimulate a national growth process in which social equilibrium and the education of individuals are the final cornerstones of the thinking of the liberal Catholic group.

Educational activity

Lambruschini followed the development of the mutual method in Italy with interest, so that his interest in the theoretical, didactic and pedagogical part of the movement brought him considerable merit. During the same period, numerous schools of this type were founded in Tuscany , as they were not only considered effective, but above all inexpensive. In addition, many kindergartens were founded based on the model of Aporti and a more diverse literature for children was promoted through public competitions. Popular education in Tuscany was initially entrusted by Grand Duke Leopold II to private initiatives that were guided by a strong social sensitivity. The Gabinetto Vieusseux, which, through the initiative of Capponi, Ridolfi, Ricasoli and Lambruschini, set this educational process in motion by providing technical and ethical education, consequently raised the awareness of the Tuscan rural population.

In this climate, Lambruschini founded the Giornale Agrario Toscano in 1827 with Cosimo Ridolfi, Lapo de 'Ricci and Gino Capponi, with the aim of educating people about agricultural processes and progress, improving living conditions and the principles of publicity advocated by the Accademia dei Georgofili Economy and agriculture spread.

In 1830 the Tuscan educator agreed to teach and educate the eldest nephew of Vieusseux, Paolino and later the younger Emilio. With them an institute was born in the villa of San Cerbone, which accepted children from wealthy families, but never more than twelve students. This institute was based on the same spirit and on the new methods of the Vernier Institute and was directed by his great friend Francesco Naville. The San Cerbone Institute accepted children of wealthy parents, who paid a monthly fee that was crucial to the survival of the institute, and the children of the farmers, who supported its finances with voluntary donations. Both did the same studies and received the same education, the only difference being that they lived in different parts of the villa.

The fruit of this experience can be found in the Guida dell'educatore , a newspaper founded and directed by Lambruschini between 1836 and 1845 "... the best that Florence and Tuscany had", which fortunately was circulated all over Italy to meet the educational problem of parents and teachers and through the Lambruschini thought to bundle liberal-Catholic and moderate thinking around the problems of upbringing and popular education. However, in Tuscany, as in the rest of Italy (with the exception of Lombardy ), schools have been difficult to establish and maintain, especially in rural areas, due to the ridiculous governmental funding of public education. For this reason, too, the Tuscan priest dissolved his institute in San Cerbone in 1847, finished his studies in agronomy and moved to Florence. Here, between 1847 and 1849, he ran the moderate newspaper La Patria with Bettino Ricasoli and Vincenzo Salvagnoli , with the vision of preparing for the unification of Italy. However, the newspaper was shut down and Lambruschini was forced to work on his property.

He then worked first for a national newspaper and from 1849 to 1851 for the Statuto and wrote a number of political and educational articles. He also wrote about authority and freedom, the clergy, the emancipation of the Jews and the liberation of Poland . During these years Lambruschini became politically active, professed neoguelfism and cultivated the hope of a reconciliation of the papacy with the liberal and national Italian aspirations, after Vincenzo Gioberti had formulated his thesis about the "supremacy" among the European nations that Italy would find if the Renewed Church had resumed its universal function. Therefore he hoped for a national unification through a federal form of state under the presidency of the Pope while preserving the individual ruling dynasties.

Work in the Tuscan Parliament

After the outbreak of the revolution in 1848 , Lambruschini sat down in June 1848 with the General Council of Tuscany and the moderate liberals such as Salvagnoli and Ricasoli and proposed a federation based on an idea by Gioberti to solve the problem of national unity. The failure of the proposal of the Neoguelfen, due to the loss of war support from Pope Pius IX. However, it opened the way to Piedmontese rule, which would later lead to national unity. He was elected Vice President. In November of the same year he was re-elected to the Tuscan Parliament. After the refusal of the minister Giuseppe Montanelli - to approve Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi as the successor of the minister Capponi, he was only left with an outsider role and he did not apply again in March 1849. In 1849 Lambruschini became a marginal phenomenon in politics at the time due to the flight of the Pope and the Grand Duke. He fled again to S.Cerbone, where he was attacked by the Livornese who were looking for "priests".

During this time he reorganized and corrected everything that he had published in the Guida dell'educatore . The result of this study was the 1849 treatise Dell'Educazione e dell'Istruzione .

On April 27, 1859, after the victorious war of the French-Piedmontese troops and popular uprisings, Leopold II left Tuscany forever.

The new situation enabled Lambruschini to return to politics. He became Vice President of the Council of State and was re-elected as Deputy of the Tuscan Assembly and Inspector General of Schools in October 1859, his colleagues were Gerolamo Buonazia, Augusto Conti and Aurelio Gotti.

On March 15, 1860, the region agreed to annexation by Victor Emmanuel II and a few days later the Piedmontese troops invaded Florence.

Senator of the Kingdom

In 1860, together with Conti and Gotti, he founded the very successful newspaper La famiglia e la scuola (Family and School) with educational, political, didactic and organizational contributions. He returned to the newspaper La gioventù to present and perfect his ideas about reading teaching, thus resuming the fruitful contact between the particular problems of teaching and the more general problems of pedagogy, which were the fundamental characteristic of his pedagogical thinking.

His contributions to the "language problem", around which issues of anthropology revolve, were significant. The support of the common language roots was a way to support the unity of mankind and linguistic political issues such as the didactic use of mother tongue and dialects.

With the annexation of Tuscany by Piedmont, he was appointed Senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia on March 23, 1860 ; the appointment was then confirmed on July 6, 1860 and only sworn in on April 20, 1861 senator of the Kingdom of Italy. In the meantime, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy on February 3, 1861 in the College for Political Elections of Cagli (Pesaro and Urbino) with 153 votes out of 157, but the election did not end until March 1, 1861 when he was already senator was sworn in.

The last few years

After the death of Cosimo Ridolfi in 1865 he was elected President of the Accademia dei Georgofili , in 1867 Professor of Pedagogy and Anthropology at the Institute for Advanced Studies and Head of the same institute and in 1869 Arch Consul at the Accademia della Crusca . However, public duties did not prevent him from devoting himself to his studies: he dealt with some methodological problems, published textbooks and children's books.

In 1871 he published Dell'Istruzione , in 1872 D elle virtù e dei vizi and in 1873 Elogi e Biographie . On March 8, 1873, he died, paralyzed, at the age of 85 in his villa in S. Cerbone. He was buried in the family chapel in the Figline Valdarno cemetery.

Awards

Works

  • R. Lambruschini: Conference religious e preghiere inedite . Ed .: Angiolo Gambaro. La Nuova Italia, Venice 1926 (Italian).
  • Riforma religiosa nel carteggio inedito di Raffaello Lambruschini . Paravia, Turin 1926 (Italian).
  • R. Lambruschini: Scritti politici e di istruzione pubblica . La Nuova Italia, Florence 1937 (Italian, collected and illustrated by A. Gambaro).
  • R. Lambruschini: Scritti di varia filosofia e religione . La Nuova Italia, Florence 1939 (Italian, collected and illustrated by A. Gambaro).
  • R. Lambruschini: Scritti pedagogici . Ed .: G. Verucci. UTET, Turin 1974 (Italian).
  • G. Capponi, R. Lambruschini: Carteggio (1828-1873) . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier, Florence 1996 (Italian, introduction and editor V. Gabbrielli, foreword by C. Ceccuti).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: Carteggio, 1826-1834 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier, 1997 (Italian, introduction and editor V. Gabbrielli, foreword G. Galasso).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: Carteggio 1835-1837 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier, 1998 (Italian, introduction and editor A. Paoletti Lange, preface by Cosimo Ceccuti).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: Carteggio 1838-1840 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier, 1999 (Italian, introduction and editor Veronica Gabbrielli, preface by Cosimo Ceccuti).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: Carteggio 1841-1845 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier, 1999 (Italian, introduction and editor Aglaia Paoletti Langè, preface by Cosimo Ceccuti).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: 1846-1852 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier ,, 2000 (Italian, introduction and editor Veronica Gabbrielli, with preface by Cosimo Ceccuti).
  • R. Lambruschini, GP Vieusseux: Carteggio 1853-1863 . Fondazione Spadolini - Nuova Antologia - Le Monnier ,, 1999 (Italian, introduction and editor Marco Pignotti, foreword by Cosimo Ceccuti).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ treccani
  2. ↑ LAMBRUSCHINI Raffaelo ( it ) Archivio storico del Senato.
  3. ↑ Raffaelo Lambruschini ( it )

literature

  • M. Casotti: Raffaello Lambruschini e la pedagogia italiana dell'Ottocento . La Scuola, Brescia March 1964 (Italian).
  • G. Sofri: Ricerche sulla formazione religiosa e culturale di R. Lambruschini . In: Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa . tape XXIX , no. II , 1960, p. 150-189 (Italian).
  • Antonio Carrannante: La posizione linguistica di Raffaello Lambruschini . In: Lingua nostra . March 1982, p. 16-20 (Italian).
  • Antonio Carrannante: Le idee pedagogiche di Raffaello Lambruschini . In: I Problemi della Pedagogia . No. 4-5 , 1988, pp. 483-489 (Italian).
  • A. Gaudio: La "Guida dell'Educatore" by Raffaello Lambruschini . In: G. Chiosso (Ed.): Scuola e stampa nel Risorgimento. Giornali e riviste per l'educazione prima dell'Unità . Franco Angeli, Milan 1989, p. 119-145 (Italian).
  • A. Gaudio: Lambruschini Raffaello . In: Dizionario di scienze dell'educazione . Leumann-Torino, Elle Di Ci - LAS - SEI, 1997, pp. 591-592 (Italian).
  • F. Cambi (ed.): Raffaello Lambruschini pedagogista della libertà, Reggello (Firenze), FirenzeLibri, 2006 . (Italian).
  • Antonio di Mauro: Libertà e riforma religiosa in Raffaello Lambruschini . Franco Angeli Editore, 2004 (Italian).

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personal data
SURNAME Lambruschini, Raffaello
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian politician and educator
DATE OF BIRTH August 14, 1788
PLACE OF BIRTH Genoa
DATE OF DEATH March 8, 1873
Place of death Florence