Resculum

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Resculum
Alternative name Bologa Castle
limes Dacian Limes
section A / V / 21
Limes Porolissensis
Dating (occupancy) Aa) 101/106 to 110/114
A.b) 110/114 to 3rd century
B) 2nd to 3rd century
Type Auxiliary fort
unit Aa) Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum
A.b) Cohors II Hispanorum
B) Cohors I Aelia Gaesatorum
size Aa) 130 m × 152 m = 1.98 ha
A.b) 130 m × 209 m = 2.72 ha
B) 122 m × 213.5 m = 2.65 ha
Construction Aa) Wood-earth warehouse
A.b) Wood-earth warehouse
B) Stone fort
State of preservation clearly visible ground monument
place Poieni / Cluj County
Geographical location 46 ° 53 '8.5 "  N , 22 ° 53' 4.6"  E Coordinates: 46 ° 53 '8.5 "  N , 22 ° 53' 4.6"  E
height 527  m
Previous Abrud Castle ( Alburnus Maior )
(south, A / V / 20)
Subsequently Buciumi Fort
(northeast, A / V / 22)
Resculum Castle (2011)
Course of the Dacian Limites

Resculum was the ancient name of the Roman auxiliary troop camp, Kastell Bologa, in the area of ​​the village of Bologa in the municipality of Poieni , Cluj county in the Romanian region of Transylvania .

location

In today's settlement image, the soil monument is located east of the village of Bologa in a hallway called "Cetate" or "Gradiste". The area lies outside the modern settlement and is not built over. The former fort defense is still visible on all sides as a two meter high earth wall in the area. Topographically, the former military camp is located on a raised terrace , a raised clay plateau above the mouth of the Secuieu brook in the Cris . The fort garrison secured the strategically important northwestern part of the Limes Porolissensis in the province of Dacia Porolissensis . It controlled the through traffic on the northwestern Limes section opposite the Ciuceampass and was supposed to defend the border against the barbarian tribes that had settled west of the Roman provinces.

Archaeological evidence

Archaeological excavations took place in 1936 under Mihail Macrea and from 1967 to 1976 under the direction of Eugen Chirila and Nicolae Gudea . Three construction phases could be differentiated.

Small wood-earth warehouse

The so-called small wood-earth camp was the earliest form of the Resculum fort. It had a rectangular floor plan with dimensions of 130 m by 152 m, which corresponds to a fort area of ​​1.98 hectares. Its long sides faced east or west. A wood-earth wall with a width of around nine and a height of around two meters served as a fence. In front of the wall there were two trenches that were about eight meters wide and one and a half meters deep as obstacles. The construction of the fort cannot be precisely dated. It is believed that it was built at the time of Trajan , during or immediately after the conquest of Dacia.

Large wood-earth warehouse

Soon after the year 110, the long sides of the small wood-earth camp were extended by around 60 meters to the south, so that a new, larger fort was built with axis dimensions of 130 m by 209 m, which corresponds to a built-up area of ​​2.7 hectares corresponded. For this purpose, the old south wall was demolished, the south trenches were filled with the old building material, a new wood-earth wall was built and two new trenches were dug in front of it. Inside the fort, only the main streets of the camp, Via praetoria and Viae principales could be identified beyond doubt. The dating was based on the findings of fibulae from the early first century and a Sestertius of Trajan from the years 108/110 in and below the newly built wood-earth wall.

Stone fort

The stone fort followed the orientation of the wood-earth camp. With its dimensions of 122 m by 213.50 m, it took up a total area of ​​2.65 hectares and was therefore only slightly smaller than the previous wood-earth fort. The defensive wall with its rounded corners was 1.80 m thick and was constructed using the technique of Opus incertum . In front of the wall, two trenches ran as an obstacle to the approach, which were interrupted in front of the Porta praetoria (main gate, side gate) and the Porta decumana (rear gate). In front of the Porta principalis sinistra (left side gate), however, a level access to the fort was created by filling in the trenches. The corners of the wall were reinforced with trapezoidal towers (3.75 m / 4.50 m / 4.50 m / 5.50 m), the four, meanwhile, 5.50 m wide castle gates were flanked by semicircular gate towers protruding outwards different and individually designed. Various buildings could be located and identified inside the fort.

Internal division and fort streets

The praetentura (front part of the camp) stands in an approximate ratio of 1: 2 to the retentura (rear part of the camp) or, in other words, the axis of the Viae Principales (camp cross streets) were 70 meters from the northern Praetorialfront but 135 meters from the southern, rear Wall removed. There is an asymmetry between the left and right halves of the bearing. The Via Praetoria is offset by a good ten feet from the imaginary central axis of the fort to the west. Felix Marcu attributes this to the stationing of two different military units (see below). The unusual size of the praetorium (commandant's residence) would also speak for the presence of two commanders. The camp streets had different widths depending on their importance. The representative Via principalis (Lagerquerstraße) and Via praetoria (Lagerhauptstraße) were ten and eight meters wide, respectively, the Via decumana (rear warehouse street) was seven meters while the Via sagularis (Lagerringstraße) was only three to four meters wide.

Principia

The Principia (office building) covered with dimensions of 32.5 m by 29.00 m an area of 942.5 square meters, which corresponds to a proportion of 3.3% of the total surface fort. They were not located in the axis of the Via praetoria and the Via decumana , but were offset seven to eight meters from this to the east, which means that they were approximately in an imaginary central axis of the fort. According to Marcu, this circumstance is possibly due to the fact that the location of the Principia was in the same place in all fort construction phases and this was no longer adapted to the expansion measures. The wall thickness of the structure ranged between 0.90 m and 1.00 m. The inner courtyard measured 13.00 m by 21.00 m (= 273 square meters) with which it took up around 30% of the total area of ​​the Principia . On the western and eastern sides, it was probably flanked by 3.50 m wide rooms, which were possibly separated from the inner courtyard with stylobates . This was followed by an approximately 30 m by 9 m (= 270 square meter) basilica . A possible tribunal with a diameter of 3.50 m was identified on the east side . Analogous to other fort basilicas, another tribunal can be accepted on the west side. The four or five rear rooms were destroyed by modern stone robberies, the flag sanctuary ( Aedes or Sacellum ) was not in the central axis of the Principia, but was offset two to three meters to the west.

Praetorium

The praetorium , the commandant's house, was four meters east of the Principia and, with its dimensions of 28.5 m by 20.0 m, took up an area of ​​570 square meters, which corresponds to two percent of the total storage area. Originally the building was divided into four elongated rooms, at the beginning of the third century it was probably extended to the east by an annex that covered the Via sagularis (Lagerringstrasse) on the eastern side of the fort. Two of the four rooms were hypocausted and provided with apses at their southern end . Gudea suspected on the basis of an inscription find in honor of the Nimphae Augustae ( nymphs of the empress) that there must have been a small thermal bath in the praetorium. Marcu countered that the Nimphae Augustae did not necessarily have to point out a bathing facility. It could also have been a small nymphaeum or a simple fountain.

Horrea

Two horrea (storage buildings) have been identified west of the Principia . The first was four meters next to the Principia and was 10 m by 28.50 m (= 285 square meters). The building was divided into two halves and provided with supporting pillars so that the weight of the stored grain could be distributed more evenly. The second building, another four meters to the west near the Porta principalis sinistra , is also a double hall 20.5 m wide and 28.5 m long, which corresponded to a type of building like Geoffrey Rickman in Caerhun (Canovium) and Ambleside has documented. In this type of Horreum there is an inner courtyard between the storage chambers.

Team barracks and horse stables

If you follow the overview plan and the description given by Nicolae Gudea, the Resculum fort has housed a total of 18 different team barracks and horse stables, whereby it should be noted that with such an occupancy there would be no more space for a fabrica or a valetudinarium , for example . The buildings in the latus sinistrum (left half of the fort) referred to as barracks were consistently only 40/50 meters long, while those in the latus dextrum (right half of the fort) were 50/60 meters long. The different lengths are due to the asymmetrical division of the interior of the fort (see above). Regarding the widths and divisions, there were some inconsistencies in Nicolae Gudea's documentation, which Felix Marcu drew attention to.

troops

A roof tile with the stamp of the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum (1st cohort of the British, (with the nickname) the Ulpische) was discovered in the enclosure of the small wood-earth store . The Brittons probably provided the first garrison of the fort and were moved to Porolissum around 110/114 . In the temporal context with the enlargement of the wood-earth camp, the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum was replaced by the Cobors II Hispanorum Cyrenaica (2nd cohort of the Spaniards from Cyrenaica), which is attested in Resculum until the end of the Roman presence in Dacia. Later (on military diplomas from the year 133, inscribed on site from the end of the second century) the Cohors I Aelia Gaesatorum (1st cohort of javelin throwers, (with the nickname) the Aelische), which possibly together with the Spaniards the Fort occupation formed, as it is also occupied there until the end of Roman rule.

Vicus and fort bath

The auxiliary vicus stretched to the east and south of the fort. The vicus was a civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, artisans, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located. The fort baths were located less than 100 m north of the Porta praetoria .

The Balneum could be of Resculum was excavated in the 1970s, so that a reasonably complete plan of the plant created. It was a ring-type bath in which the rooms are arranged in a circle in the order of the traditional bathing process. The Resculum bath complex had a rectangular floor plan with the dimensions of 24 m by 18.5 m, so that the visitors had an area of ​​444 square meters. In particular, the apodyterium (changing room), the frigidarium (cold bath) and the caldarium (hot bath) could be identified, while the function of six other rooms could not be clarified with certainty.

Limes course

Almost three kilometers as the crow flies north of the fort, it was passed by the Porolissenian Limes, which was expanded with watchtowers and small forts.

No. Name / type place Description / condition
RO183 Resculum Bologa / Poieni see above
RO180 Small fort Poieni The small fort was documented in the 19th century. Today the site is completely destroyed.
RO181 Earth wall Poieni The wall was partially impaired by the further use of the building material and partly modern overbuilding - especially in the area of ​​the valley. Outside of the modern settlement, however, it is still well preserved.
RO178 Watchtower Poieni, Poeini 2 Well-preserved ruins of a stone tower in the technique of Opus incertum. The stones were extracted from local rock.
RO177 Watchtower Poieni, Poieni 1 The stone tower has been completely excavated, but the ruin is still preserved.
RO182 Earth wall Poieni Very well preserved wall, which is only slightly affected by stone removal and overbuilding.
RO176 Watchtower Poieni, Cetățea Small site that was disturbed by robbery graves, but whose structures are still well preserved. Archaeological excavations led to the identification of a stone tower constructed from local rock using the technique of Opus incertum.
RO175 Watchtower Poieni, Horhiș The ruin was completely destroyed. Before that, however, archaeological investigations could still be carried out, in which a stone tower with a rectangular floor plan was identified, which was built using the technique of Opus incertum.
RO174 Watchtower Poieni, Dosu Marcului The conical tower ruin was filled with stones. Archaeological investigations could not identify any masonry, but a layer of clay bricked by fire was found.
RO173 Watchtower Poieni, Râmbușoi Half-excavated stone tower with a square floor plan, which was constructed in the technique of Opus incertum with local rock. The ruin is still very well preserved. Inside the tower, a fireplace and a repair layer of ceramic shards mixed with Opus caementitium were identified.
RO171 Watchtower Hodișu, Dealul Cornii Strongly flattened, conical ruin with some ceramic shards on the surface.
RO170 Watchtower Hodișu, Cornul Sonului The stone tower with a rectangular floor plan was archaeologically examined but not published. It was built using the technique of Opus incertum. The ruin is still very well preserved.
RO169 Watchtower Vânători, Grebăn The tower was almost completely excavated. Animal bones and an exceptionally large amount of ceramics were found. The square tower had an impressive side length of 12.5 m. It was built using the technique of Opus incertum. During the excavations, medieval interventions in the findings were found.
RO167 Watchtower Vânători, Cornu Vlașinului The well-preserved ruin was archaeologically examined by means of three exploratory cuts. The wall of the tower was constructed using the technique of Opus incertum and was one meter thick. The interior of the tower was slightly disturbed. There is no scientific documentation of the finding.
RO189 Small fort Vânători, Poic Rectangular small fort with the dimensions of 29 m by 30 m, which corresponds to a base area of ​​870 square meters. With a height of half a meter, the fence is still well preserved and can be seen in the terrain, even if the view is partially impaired by tall vegetation and young trees. Overall, the outlines of two ramparts and the outer moat could be identified.
RO166 Watchtower Huta, Dealul lui Gyuri Flat, cone-shaped ruin that was almost completely destroyed by stone robbery. During archaeological investigations, parts of the masonry made using the Opus incertum technique could still be identified.
RO165 Watchtower Huta, Dealul Cozlii The tower has been archaeologically examined, but no documentation has been published. During the excavations, parts of the wall were found that had been constructed using the technique of Opus incertum. The ruin was badly damaged by stone robbery and the roots of trees.
RO164 Watchtower Huta, Salhiger The conical ruin has been partially excavated. However, there is no information about the structure of the building. Ceramic shards and fragments of brick slabs were found on the surface.
RO163 Watchtower Huta, Dealu Mare The tower, which has been partially excavated, is in a poor state of preservation. It was built from surrounding rock using the technique of Opus incertum. Two excavation cuts partially destroyed the findings.
RO162 Watchtower Huta, Arsura Conical ruin overgrown by trees.
RO161 Small fort Huta, Arsura The round tower was completely excavated, but not scientifically documented. The ruin is still in a well-preserved condition, but without conservation measures it is exposed to permanent decay.
RO160 Watchtower Sângeorgiu de Meseș, Dealul Boului / La ferice The partially excavated tower has a round structure and was probably built using drywall construction, as no traces of mortar were found. The ruin is relatively well preserved.
RO159 Watchtower Sângeorgiu de Meseș, Dealul / Boului Măgurița The round tower was constructed from the local rock using the technique of Opus incertum. It has been archaeologically examined but not published. The state of preservation of the ruins is still very good.
RO158 Watchtower Stârciu, Dealul Boului / Coasta Julii The tower has been archaeologically examined, but no documentation is available. It has a rectangular floor plan, its one meter thick walls were built using the local rock using the technique of Opus incertum.
RO157 Watchtower Stârciu, La Frapsin / Dealul Boului The tower was archaeologically examined, but not documented. A flattened, conical hill can still be seen in the area.
RO156 Watchtower Stârciu, Dealul Secuiului The ruin was destroyed by robbery graves and is in a poor state of preservation. Some floor slabs and limestone fragments are still visible on the surface.
RO155 Watchtower Stârciu, Sub Cornet About 40% of the ruined tower was destroyed by robbery graves. Stones lying around are still visible.
RO154 Watchtower Stârciu, Sub Cornet The ruin is in a relatively good state of preservation. Apart from two excavation cuts, no further interventions took place. The local limestone was used to build the tower.
RO153 Watchtower Buciumi, Poiana Șeredanilor The tower was excavated by an amateur archaeologist in 1935 and partially destroyed in the process. It was later fully exposed. It is a stone tower with a rectangular floor plan. The wall was constructed using the technique of Opus incertum , the wall thickness is one meter. The ruin is relatively well preserved.
RO168 Buciumi Castle Buciumi see main article Fort Buciumi

Lost property and monument protection

The archaeological finds from were handed over to the Institutul de Arheologie si Istoria Artei (Institute for Archeology and Art History) in Cluj-Napoca .

The entire archaeological site and in particular the castle are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are registered with the LMI code CJ-IsA-06975 in the national list of historical monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice) . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Cosmina Gabriela Cupşa: Ceramica din castrele romane de la Bologa şi Căşeiu. Consideraţii asupra vaselor de uz casnic . Dissertation at the Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie of the Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj , Cluj-Napoca 2009, ( digitized ).
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 39-42 ( digitized version ).
  • Nicolae Gudea: The Roman camp of Bologa. About the Dacian pottery in the military camps of the Roman Dacia . In: Dorothea Haupt and Heinz Günter Horn (Red.): Studies on the military borders of Rome. Lectures of the 10th international Limes Congress in the Germania inferior . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 313-348.
  • Nicolae Gudea: The Roman frontier fort of Bologa-Resculum. Castruł roman de la Bologa-Resculum . In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Dacia Porolissensis 1 / Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis , Zalau 1997.
  • Mihail Macrea: Castrul roman de la Bologa . In: Anuarul Comisiunii Manumentelor Istorice. Secţia pentru Transilvania 4, (1932-1938), pp. 195-233
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 26–36 as well as plates 1 and 2.
  • Ovidiu Ţentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane. Bucharest 2017, p. 26.

Web links

Commons : Resculum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

Abbreviation IDR = Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae (inscriptions of the Roman Dacia)

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ^ A b Cohors I Brittonum: IDR-App-01-27 (dating 106 to 117).
  3. ↑ a b Cohors II Hispanorum: IDR-App-01-51, 00001 (dating 117 to 138), IDR-App-01-51, 00002 (dating 117 to 138), IDR-App-01-51, 00003 (dating 117 to 138), IDR-App-01-52, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-52, 00002 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-53, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-54 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-55, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-55, 00002 (dating 201 to 270), IDR -App-01-55, 00003 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-55, 00004 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-55, 00005 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App -01-55, 00006 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-56, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-56, 00002 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01 -57 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-58 (dating 201 to 270) and IDR-App-01-59 (dating 201 to 270).
  4. ↑ a b Cohors I Aelia Gaesatorum: AE 1972, 00475 (dating 238 to 244), AE 2015, 01149 (dating 211 to 217), AE 2015, 01151 (dating 238 to 244), IDR-App-01-39, 00001 (Dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-39, 00002 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-41, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-42, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-43, 00001 (dating 201 to 270), IDR-App-01-43, 00002 (dating 201 to 270), AE 1972, 00470 (dating 195 to 214), AE 1972 , 00472 (dating 238 to 244), AE 1972, 00477 , AE 1972, 00480a , AE 1972, 00480b and ILD 00632 .
  5. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 39f., ( Digitized version ).
  6. ^ A b Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 26-36, here p. 26.
  7. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 40, ( digitized version ).
  8. ↑ a b Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 41, ( digitized version )
  9. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 41f., ( Digitized version )
  10. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 26-36, here p. 27.
  11. ↑ a b c Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 42, ( digitized version )
  12. ^ A b Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 26-36, here pp. 27f.
  13. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 28-30.
  14. ↑ Not listed in the Clauss-Slaby epigraphy database .
  15. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Roman frontier fort of Bologa-Resculum. Castruł roman de la Bologa-Resculum . In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Dacia Porolissensis 1 / Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis , Zalau 1997, p. 39.
  16. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 30f.
  17. ↑ Geoffrey Rickman: Roman Granaries and Store Buildings . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971, pp. 226f.
  18. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 31f.
  19. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 32f.
  20. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 26-36, here pp. 34-36.
  21. ^ Ovidiu Ţentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane. Bucharest 2017, p. 26.
  22. ↑ All of the following information based on where the Limes section was found on the website limesromania.ro of the National Limes Program (English, Romanian), accessed on January 27, 2019.
  23. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage