Romita Castle

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Romita Castle
Alternative name Certinae, Cersie, Certie
limes Dacian Limes
section A / V / 24
Limes Porolissensis
Dating (occupancy) A) 106 to 138/161
B) 138/161 to 3rd century
Type Auxiliary fort
unit A) Cohors VI Thracum and
Cohors I Ituraeorum
B.a) Cohors VI Thracum and
Cohors II Britannorum
B.b) Cohors II Britannorum and
Cohors I Batavorum milliaria
size 225 m × 187 m = 4.21 ha
Construction A) Wood-earth camp (?)
B) Stone fort
State of preservation barely noticeable ground monument
place Romita / Sălaj County
Geographical location 47 ° 9 '19 .4 "  N , 23 ° 12' 52.4"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 9  '19.4 " N , 23 ° 12' 52.4"  E
height 226  m
Previous Românași Castle
(south-southwest, A / V / 23)
Subsequently Tihău Fort
(northeast, A / VI / 27)
Upstream Fort Moigrad-Pomet
(northwest, A / V / 25)
Fort Moigrad-Citera
(northwest, A / V / 26)
Fort Moigrad-Coasta Citerii
(northwest, A / V / 26a)

Castle Romita (ancient name Certinae , Cersie or Certie ) was a Roman auxiliary troops camp in the area of the municipality Romanasi in Sălaj County belonging village Romita in the Romanian region of Transylvania . In ancient times it was in the Roman province of Dacia Porolissensis and was part of the Limes Porolissensis .

location

In today's settlement, the soil monument is about one kilometer south of the village of Brusturi in the agricultural, uncultivated corridor "Cetate". There are hardly any traces of the camp left in the area. Topographically, it is located on a high terrace east of the Agrij, a left tributary of the Someș (Somesch) . In ancient times, the military camp probably belonged to the so-called Porolissum complex, a group of four auxiliary camps (including Romita) in and around Porolissum , today's Moigrad . The task of the fort crew was to control the traffic in the Agrijtal.

Sources and research history

On the Tabula Peutingeriana , Cersi (a) e is recorded at a distance of 17 Roman miles from Largiana and four miles to Porolissum . In the cosmography of the geographer of Ravenna , it is also found as a Certie in the immediate vicinity of Porolissum.

The first reports of Roman finds from Romita date from the early 19th century. However, it was not until 1864 before Károly Torma carried out a more precise localization, and until 1880 before the same scientist provided more concrete information about the possible dimensions and occupations of the military camp. At the end of the 19th century, Pál Király gave the dimensions as 210 m by 150 m, while Vasile Lucăcel continued to approach the truth in the second half of the 20th century with dimensions of 230 m by 185 m. Scientific excavations to be carried out under the direction of Alexandru V. Matei and István Bajusz finally led in 1996/1997 to the exact result of 225 m by 187 m, which corresponds to an area of ​​4.21 hectares. As part of a geophysical survey of the fort area by an international and interdisciplinary research team with significant participation of the then Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen (today's Radboud University Nijmegen ) and the University of Utrecht under the direction of Jan Kees Haalebos , these results were confirmed (230 m by 192 m = 4.41 hectares) and gained other important information about the internal structure of the fort.

Archaeological evidence

During the archaeological excavations , a stone fort from the Hadrian era (138 to 161) could be identified beyond any doubt. The excavators assume, however, that a preceding wood-earth camp already existed in the earliest time of the Roman occupation (from 106), the floor plan of which was identical to that of the stone fort, so that its traces were essentially superimposed on those of the stone fort are. According to another theory, the wood-earth camp could also have been significantly smaller than the successor fort and therefore not yet been found.

Principia

The structures of the Principia were determined exclusively by geophysical surveys, not by conventional excavations. The measurement results indicate two possible construction phases. In the early phase, the Principia should have had dimensions of around 40 meters in their north-south axis and 37 meters in their east-west axis, which would have corresponded to a total area of ​​1,480 square meters. In a more recent construction phase, dimensions of 50 to 52 m (north-south) and 35 to 37 m (between 1,850 m² and 1,924 m²) were achieved.

The magnetic picture shows a basilica about twelve meters by 37 m (= 444 m²) in front of an approximately 28 m by 28 m (= 784 m²) inner courtyard , which appears to be flanked by two rows of rooms on the sides and bordered by a row of rooms to the rear. A direct structural connection between the inner courtyard or its lateral room lines to the rear building complex can not be seen in the magnetogram . On the other hand, the flag shrine with its apse in the center of the rear room is clearly visible.

Praetorium

About 30 meters east of the Principia, in the latus dextrum (right half of the fort), directly at the Porta principalis dextra (right side gate), the praetorium (the commandant's house) was about 42 m (north-south axis) by 37 m (East-west axis), i.e. a total of 1,554 m² peristyle villa of the Mediterranean type. Various rooms up to five meters wide, the contours of which can be clearly defined in the magnetic image, are grouped around a 20 m by 20 to 25 m large inner courtyard. Another large building in the Praetentura sinistra (left, front quarter) was also considered as a possible praetorium (see below), which would be quite possible if one assumes that two cohorts have occupied the fort at the same time.

Horrea

To the west of the Principia, the magnetogram shows several parallel walls that indicate two elongated buildings no more than ten meters wide. Even if no supporting pillars are noticeable, the layout and location of the buildings speak in favor of granaries. With a length of up to 50 meters and a width of less than ten meters, both buildings can be addressed as Horrea .

Crew barracks

Traces of the crew barracks were found archaeologically in the profile of an exploratory cut in 1990, but not further systematically investigated. Further contours of these wooden structures became visible in the geophysical investigations. According to this, the barracks are up to around 55 m by 10 m (= 550 m²) and are relatively long, the traces of which were visible in both the Praetentura (three buildings) and the Retentura (four buildings). Like so many geophysically determined findings, these also require final clarification using conventional field archaeological methods.

Other structures

In the praetentura (front part of the camp) of the latus sinistrum (left half of the camp), a large building measuring 40 m by 37 m (= 1,480 m²) can be seen in the magnetic image, with rooms of different sizes grouped around an inner courtyard on all sides. This building could theoretically also be referred to as the praetorium (commandant's residence, see above). Magnetic anomalies in the south-west corner of the courtyard may indicate a cistern or water reservoir, according to findings in the courtyard of the Praetorium of South Shields Fort . Instead, it may be a valetudinarium (military hospital), maybe a mansio (hostel), a fabrica (workshop) or a warehouse. Ultimately, the purpose of this building must remain unclear until a conventional excavation is carried out.

Another large building of unknown function is located in the Intervallum , the space between the defensive wall and the regular interior development, the Praetentura dextra (right, front warehouse district), where it covers the area of ​​the Via sagularis (Lagerringstrasse). This building, of which 32 m by 7 m (= 224 m²) could be determined from the ground plan, was possibly the fabrica or the stable of a late construction phase. Since the northern boundary is not clear, it could theoretically be more than twice as large as determined and affect the defensive wall.

troops

The Romita Fort was probably built by the Cohors VI Thracum (6th Thracian cohort ) and the Cohors I Ituraeorum (sagittaria) (1st cohort of archers from Iturea ) and initially occupied jointly. In the course of the second century the Cohors I Ituraeorum was replaced by the Cohors II Britannorum (milliaria equitata) (2nd partially mounted cohort of double strength of the British), which in the following time together with the Cohors VI Thracum formed the permanent crew of the fort, of which numerous Stamp of both units in the same find complexes give evidence. Possibly in the seventies of the second century the Cohors VI Thracum was finally replaced by the Cohors I Batavorum milliaria (1st cohort double strength of the Batavians ).

Vicus and thermal baths

The auxiliary vicus extends south of the fort. The vicus was a civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, artisans, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located.

About 100 m west of the fort, between it and the Agrij, the fort thermal baths were discovered and partially excavated in the 1970s under the direction of Nicolae Gudea . It is a ring-type bathroom in which the rooms are arranged in a ring in the traditional bath drain. A total of nine rooms, two of them with apses and three with prefurniums, could be differentiated, and five of them could be identified with certainty and one with reservations. The apodyterium (changing room), a laconium (sweat bath), a caldarium (hot bath) and two frigidariums (cold baths) have been clarified . A latrine is also suspected but not proven.

Porolissum complex and course of the Limes

The so-called Porolissum complex, a concentration of a total of four forts in and around Porolissum , is passed around nine kilometers as the crow flies to the northwest and north of the fort by the Porolissen Limes, which has watchtowers and small forts.

No. Name / type place Description / condition
RO140 = A / V / 24 Romita Castle Romita see above
RO139 Small fort Brebi, Dunga Located on a high plateau (around 280 m above sea level) southwest of the village of Brebi. The area is currently used as pasture. Wall, moat and the rectangular contours of the fort area are clearly visible in the terrain. The complex was archaeologically examined in the 1970s.
RO138 Small fort Brebi, Sub Citera Located on another high plateau (around 340 m above sea level) southwest of the village of Brebi and south of the preceding small fort, and northeast of Porolissum. The area is currently used as pasture. Wall, moat and the rectangular contours of the fort area are preserved up to two and a half meters high and are therefore very clearly perceptible in the area. The complex was archaeologically examined in the 1970s.
RO137  = A / V / 26 Moigrad Castle - Citera Moigrad, Dealul Citera see main articles Fort Moigrad-Citera and Porolissum
A / V / 26a Moigrad Castle - Coasta Citerii Moigrad, Dealul Citera see main articles Fort Moigrad-Coasta Citerii and Porolissum
RO136  = A / V / 25 Moigrad Castle - Pomăt Moigrad, Pomăt see main articles Moigrad-Pomăt Castle and Porolissum
RO135 Watchtower Moigrad, Dealul Ferice Site severely disturbed by natural erosion, rooting and stone robbery. In the area, the tower hill, the ditch surrounding it and the building material lying around on the surface can still be seen.
RO120 Watchtower Ortelec, Clocoțăl Flat, only about 0.3 m high tower with a rectangular contour. On its eastern side, the findings were partly destroyed by the forest vegetation.
RO119 Watchtower Ortelec, Clocoțăl Tower site where there was probably a wooden tower construction. Findings with a rectangular floor plan that rise flat above the surface.
RO118 Watchtower Ortelec, Clocoțăl In the 1980s, investigated tower site that is relatively well preserved, although robbery and surrounding vegetation has caused some damage. The tower, about eight meters in diameter, is surrounded by an annular moat that is no longer continuously visible. The diameter of the entire finding is about 15 meters, the central area is about one and a half meters deeper than the surrounding soil.
RO117 Earth wall Ortelec, Măgurița The earth wall is part of the complex defense structure around Porolissum. It is still preserved up to a height of two meters over a length of over half a kilometer. A ditch runs on the west side of the wall.
RO116 Small fort Oretelec, Fântâna Șușigului Small fort with a rectangular floor plan of around 65 m by 25 m (= 0.17 ha). A ditch and an outer earth wall served as an obstacle to the approach. Apart from some damage from forest vegetation, the findings are well preserved.
RO115 Watchtower Ortelec, Puguior Large, dome-shaped tower with a clear depression in the center, which is partially affected by stone robbery. Archaeological excavations took place in 1900 and 1976. The masonry was completely exposed. The tower had a circular floor plan and was constructed using the technique of Opus incertum. It contained exceptionally rich finds. Today only the soil structures are visible.
RO114 Small fort Ortelec, Sub Puguior Small stone fort, enclosed in a border wall system, with a square floor plan. Some of the findings were archaeologically examined and published. It seems to have held an important position within the defense system.
RO112 Earth wall Mirșid The earth wall is part of a larger border system equipped with watchtowers, small forts and gates. In some places it is disturbed by modern ground interventions.
RO111 Watchtower Brebi, Dealu Mare The tower is in the form of an oval earth ring that is up to 16 meters in diameter and extends around a large hollow at a height of up to two meters. Due to the forest vegetation and alleged robbery activities, some damage has been caused to the finding.
RO110 Watchtower Brebi, Dealu Mare 1.8 m high, around ten meters in diameter, slightly recessed tower hill in the center. Some of the original masonry still comes to the surface.
RO109 Watchtower Brebi, Dealu Mare Spherical hill of ruins with a height of up to 1.5 m. In the middle there is a slight indentation, the diameter is about ten meters.
RO108 Watchtower Brebi, Mănăstire Very well preserved round hill with a diameter of twelve and a remaining height of two meters.
RO107 Watchtower Brebi, Voievodeasa Very well preserved hill of ruins with a diameter of about 16 meters and a preserved height of two meters.
RO106 Watchtower Brebi, Voievodeasa Flat, but still perceptible tower site with a diameter of around 14 meters and a remaining height of up to 0.90 m with a slight depression in the middle. There is a lot of scattered building material on and around the findings.
RO105 Watchtower Brebi Ruin of a large tower. The rubble mound has a diameter of about 16 meters and a height of 1.80 m. The center is slightly deepened. There is a lot of scattered building material on and around the hill.
RO104 Watchtower Ciglean, Fundătura Dome-shaped ruin about ten meters high and 22 meters in diameter with a clear depression in the middle. Structures can be seen on the western side that could indicate an outbuilding.
RO103 Watchtower Prodăneşti, Pe Șanț So far not archaeologically investigated tower point, which is recognizable by an approximately half a meter high, ring-shaped elevation deepened in the middle. There are no clear archaeological structures to the surface.
RO102 Earth wall Prodăneşti, Pe Șanț Over a length of over a kilometer, the earth wall is still visible, which in its eastern area has been preserved up to a height of two meters over a distance of two to three hundred meters. In the remaining sections, the contours were partially blurred by erosion and vegetation.
RO101 Earth wall Prodăneşti, Corabie Despite heavy erosion and the construction of antenna systems that destroyed it in two places, the earth wall is still visible over a length of more than 500 meters, but is partially covered by vegetation.
RO100 Watchtower Var, Dealul Taraboilor The northern side of the site was slightly damaged by the construction of a modern watchpoint between 1938 and 1940, but is otherwise well preserved. The entire tower has a diameter of 20 meters, the tower itself measures eight meters. The tower ruin is a spherical hill with a distinctive depression in the center. The hill is surrounded by a wide moat. A geodetic mark was placed in the wall.
RO168 Tihau Castle Surduc - Tihau see main article Tihau Castle

Lost property and monument protection

The finds from Romita are kept in the Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă (District Museum of History and Art) in Zalău .

The entire archaeological site and in particular the castle are protected as historical monuments according to Law No. 422/2001 passed in 2001 and are entered in the national list of historical monuments (Lista Monumentelor Istorice). Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii şi Patrimoniului Naţional), in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • George Cupcea, Felix Marcu, Ioniţă Petiș, Bajusz Mátyás, Dan Deac, Horaţiu Cociș and Markus Zimmermann: Castrul auxiliar de la Brusturi / Romita, jud. Sălaj. Reluarea cercetărilor arheologice . In Felix Marcu and George Cupcea (eds.): Limes. Frontierele Imperiului Roman in Romania 4 (2018), pp. 16-20, ( digitized version ).
  • Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 161-178, ( digitized version ).
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 45, ( digitized version ).
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 101-116.
  • Alexandru V. Matei and István Bajusz: Castrul roman de la Romita-Certiae. Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis, Zalău 1997.
  • Coriolan Horațiu Opreanu & Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu: The province of Dacia . In this. (Ed.): Landscape Archeology on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire at Porolissum. An interdisciplinary research project . Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2016, ISBN 978-606-543-787-6 , pp. 64-67, ( digitized version ).

Web links

Individual evidence

Abbreviations:

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ↑ a b Cohors VI Thracum: AE 2015, 01154 (dating 171 to 300); IDR-App-01-70, 00001 , IDR-App-01-70, 00002 , IDR-App-01-70, 00003 , IDR-App-01-70, 00004 , IDR-App-01-70, 00005 , IDR-App-01-70, 00006 , IDR-App-01-70, 00007 , IDR-App-01-70, 00008 , IDR-App-01-70, 00009 , IDR-App-01-70, 00010 , IDR-App-01-70,00011 (all dated from 117 to 161); IDR-App-01-71, 00001 , IDR-App-01-71, 00002 , IDR-App-01-71, 00003 , IDR-App-01-71, 00004 , IDR-App-01-71, 00005 IDR -App-01-71, 00006 , IDR-App-01-71, 00007 , IDR-App-01-72 (all dated from 117 to 200); IDR-App-01-73, 00001 , IDR-App-01-73, 00002 , IDR-App-01-73, 00003 , IDR-App-01-73, 00004 , IDR-App-01-73, 00005 , IDR-App-01-73, 00006 , IDR-App-01-73, 00007 , IDR-App-01-73, 00008 , IDR-App-01-73, 00009 , IDR-App-01-73, 00010 , IDR-App-01-73, 00011 , IDR-App-01-73, 00012 , IDR-App-01-73, 00013 , IDR-App-01-73, 00014 , IDR-App-01-70, 00015 ( all dated from 117 to 161); ZPE-208-273 (dated 117 to 138)
  3. ↑ a b Cohors I Ituraeorum: IDR-App-01-65, 00001 (dated from 201 to 270)
  4. ↑ a b Cohors II Britannorum: CIL 03, 08074, 11a ; IDR-App-01-18, 00001 , IDR-App-01-18, 00002 , IDR-App-01-18, 00003 , IDR-App-01-18, 00004 , IDR-App-01-18, 00005 , IDR-App-01-18, 00006 , IDR-App-01-18, 00007 , IDR-App-01-18, 00008 , IDR-App-01-18, 00009 , IDR-App-01-18, 00010 , IDR-App-01-18, 00011 , IDR-App-01-18, 00012 , IDR-App-01-18, 00013 , IDR-App-01-18, 00014 , IDR-App-01-18, 00015 , IDR-App-01-18, 00016 , IDR-App-01-18, 00017 , IDR-App-01-18, 00018 , IDR-App-01-18, 00019 , IDR-App-01-18, 00020 , IDR-App-01-18, 00021 , IDR-App-01-18, 00022 , IDR-App-01-18, 00023 , IDR-App-01-18, 00024 , IDR-App-01-18, 00025 , IDR-App-01-18, 00026 , IDR-App-01-18, 00027 , IDR-App-01-18, 00028 , IDR-App-01-18, 00029 , IDR-App-01-18, 00030 , IDR-App-01-18, 00031 , IDR-App-01-18, 00032 , IDR-App-01-18, 00033 , IDR-App-01-18, 00034 , IDR-App-01-18, 00035 , IDR-App-01-18, 00036 , IDR-App-01-18, 00037 , IDR-App-01-18, 00038 , IDR-App-01-18, 00039 , IDR-App-01-18, 00040 , IDR-App-01-18, 00041 , IDR-App-01-18, 00042 , IDR-App-01-18, 00043 , IDR-App-01- 19, 00001 , IDR-App-01-19, 00002 , IDR-App-01-19, 00003 , IDR-App-01-19, 00004 , IDR-App-01-19, 00005 , IDR-App-01- 19, 00006 , IDR-App-01-19, 00007 , IDR-App-01-19, 00008 , IDR-App-01-19, 00009 , IDR-App-01-19, 00010 , IDR-App-01- 20, 00001 , IDR-App-01-20, 00002 , IDR-App-01-20, 00003 , IDR-App-01-20, 00004 , IDR-App-01-20, 00005 , IDR-App-01- 20, 00006 , IDR-App-01-20, 00007 , IDR-App-01-20, 00008 , IDR-App-01-20, 00009 , IDR-App-01-20, 00010 , IDR-App-01- 20, 00011 , IDR-App-01-20, 00012 , IDR-App-01-20, 00013 , IDR-App-01-20, 00015 , IDR-App-01-21, 00001 , IDR-App-01- 22 , IDR-App-01-23, 00001 , IDR-App-01-23, 00002 , IDR-App-01-23, 00003 (all dated from 138 to 161) ;, IDR-App-01-24, 00001 , IDR-App-01-24, 00002 , IDR-App-01-25, 00001 , IDR-App-01-25, 00002 , IDR-App-01-25, 00003 , IDR-App-01-25, 00004 (all dated from 211 to 222); IDR-App-01-26, 00001 , IDR-App-01-26, 00002 , IDR-App-01-26, 00003 , IDR-App-01-26, 00004 , IDR-App-01-26, 00005 , IDR-App-01-26, 00006 , IDR-App-01-26, 00007 , IDR-App-01-26, 00008 (all dated from 222 to 235)
  5. ^ A b Cohors I Batavorum milliaria: CIL 03, 00839
  6. ↑ a b c d Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 45, ( digitized version ).
  7. ↑ Tab. Peut. Segm. VIII.
  8. ↑ Rav. Cos. IV, 5, 10.
  9. ↑ Károly Torma: Adalékok észak-nyugati Dacia föld- és helyiratához . Plague 1864.
  10. ^ Károly Torma: A Limes Dacicus Felső része . Értekezések Tört. Tud. Köréből IX. 2., Budapest 1980.
  11. ^ Pál Király: Dacia, provincia Augusti . Pleitz Fer. Pál Könyvnyomdája, 1894.
  12. ^ After Alexandru V. Matei and István Bajusz: Castrul roman de la Romita-Certiae. Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis, Zalău 1997, pp. 15-16.
  13. ^ Alexandru V. Matei and István Bajusz: Castrul roman de la Romita-Certiae. Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis, Zalău 1997, p. 18ff.
  14. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 161-178, ( digitized version ).
  15. ^ Alexandru V. Matei and István Bajusz: Castrul roman de la Romita-Certiae. Ghid al monumentelor arheologice din Dacia Porolissensis, Zalău 1997, p. 26.
  16. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 101f.
  17. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 161-178, ( digitized version ).
  18. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 105-107 and plate 14.
  19. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 166f. as well as panel 2, ( digitized ).
  20. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 107-109.
  21. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 167-170, ( digitized version ).
  22. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 109f.
  23. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 170f., ( Digitized version ).
  24. ^ A b Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 110.
  25. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 171f., ( Digitized version ).
  26. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 107f-109.
  27. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), p. 171, ( digitized version ).
  28. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 110-114.
  29. ^ Paul Franzen, Alexandru V. Matei and Felix Marcu: The Roman fort at Romita (Dacia). Results of the geophysical survey . In: ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS, 41-42 / 1 (2007), pp. 172-175, ( digitized version ).
  30. ^ Ovidiu Ţentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane. Bucharest 2017, p. 29.
  31. ↑ All of the following information based on where the Limes section was found on the website limesromania.ro of the National Limes Program (English, Romanian), accessed on February 5, 2019.
  32. ↑ The museum's official website (Romanian), accessed on February 9, 2019.
  33. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage