Red-fronted tangerine

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Red-fronted tangerine
Red-fronted tangerine

Red-fronted tangerine

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Tangaren (Thraupidae)
Subfamily : Thraupinae
Genre : Schillertangaren ( Tangara )
Type : Red-fronted tangerine
Scientific name
Tangara parzudakii
( Lafresnaye , 1843)

The red- fronted tangar ( Tangara parzudakii ) is a passerine bird in the family of the tangar (Thraupidae). It is distributed over the South American countries Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru . The IUCN classifies the population as Least Concern .

features

The red-forehead tangar reaches a body length of about 14 to 14.5 centimeters with a weight of about 17.4 grams. The top of the head, anterior ear covers and the beard are orange-yellow, with the forehead contrasting red. The bridle, the eye mask, the back of the ear covers and the throat are black. The back part of the head, the nape and the sides of the neck shimmer yellow. The back and tail are black. The plumage of the shoulders, the back and the rump, as well as the covets and the coverts in the middle shimmer metallic blue-green. The large arm covers are lined with turquoise. The middle of the abdomen and the underside of the tail are cinnamon to yellow-brown, with the breast and the flanks shining turquoise. Sex dimorphism is not pronounced.

Fledglings have a golden-green crown and back. The underside is a little more dull in color than in full-grown specimens. The greenish hue is missing. The throat appears whitish.

behavior

Red-fronted tanagers are usually found in pairs, sometimes in small groups together with other tanagers. They diligently examine free-standing, mossy branches for insects or the inflorescences of ant trees . They often hang upside down. They rarely seek their prey on leaves. Berries are also part of the diet. The movements of the red-forehead tangare are rather slow. Their reputation is similar to that of other types of tangerine and sounds like " Zit ".

distribution and habitat

Red-fronted tangars are mostly found in the middle to upper strata , only rarely in the lower strata . Their natural biotopes are moist cloud forests and high secondary vegetation, often near forest edges. Here you can find them at altitudes between 1000 and 2650 meters, very rarely up to 700 meters.

Subspecies

Tangara parzudakii lunigera painted by Catherine Dorcas Maule Strickland
Red-forehead tangare of the T. p. lunigera in the bird park Walsrode

Three subspecies are recognized, which differ mainly in their coloring:

  • Tangara parzudakii parzudakii ( Lafresnaye , 1843) - The nominate form occurs in Venezuela near the Río Chiquito in the southwest of Táchira . In Colombia you can find them on the western slope of the East, in the Departamento de Cundinamarca , in the valley of the Río Magdalena to the eastern slope of the Central Andes in the Departamento de Caquetá . From there, the distribution area stretches across the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador to the Junín region in central Peru.
  • Tangara parzudakii lunigera ( Sclater, PL , 1851) - In this subspecies, the apex is orange or light cadmium- colored . The lower side of the head is lemon yellow. The black of the back runs down the neck. The shimmering part of the top and bottom is significantly greener. The arm wings are lined with turquoise. This subspecies is found in the area of ​​the 3950 meter high Cerro Tatamá , on the upper reaches of the Río San Juan in the Departamento de Risaralda and on the Andean slopes on the Pacific coast in southwest Ecuador ( El Oro province ).
  • Tangara parzudakii urubambae Zimmer, JT , 1943 - This subspecies has a shorter and more powerful beak compared to the nominate form. The forehead is a little darker and dull red. The upper part of the head is colored light yellow. The underside looks more streaky, the brownish yellow area of ​​the middle of the abdomen is less extensive. The subspecies occurs in the Urubamba river valley in the Ayacucho region.

Etymology and history of research

Image Jean-Gabriel Prêtre: Red-forehead tangerine

The word Tangara comes from the Indian language area and means "multi-colored finch-like bird".

In his dedication to the specific epithet , Lafresnaye writes:

«Nous avons dédié cette belle espèce au naturaliste Parzudaki, lequel par suite de nombreux envois reçus de Colombie, a contribué fortement à faire connaître l'ornithologie si remarquable de cette partie de L'Amérique du sud. »

"We have dedicated this beautiful species to the naturalist Parzudaki, who, through numerous deliveries from Colombia, has made a major contribution to popularizing the extremely remarkable avifauna of this part of South America."

The bird is named after Charles Parzudaki, who collected bird hides in the viceroyalty of New Granada between 1841 and 1845 .

Sclater originally described its subspecies under the name Calliste lunigera . The name, which was formed from the Latin words "luna" (moon) and "gero" (lead), is intended to refer to the lemon-yellow side of the head.

The name »urubambae« stands for the valley or the river in which the subspecies was found.

In 1843 an additional supplement appeared in Magasin de Zoologie: d'anatomie comparée et de palaeontologie . It contained an illustration of the red-forehead tangerine by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre (1768–1849) and a more detailed description by Lafresnaye. The engraving was by Christophe Annedouche (1803–1866) and the printing was done by N. Rémond.

literature

  • Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America , Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, ISBN 978-87-88757-16-3
  • Steven L. Hilty , William L. Brown: A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, 1986, ISBN 978-0-691-08372-8 .
  • Thomas Schulenberg , Douglas F. Stotz , Daniel F. Lane: Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-04915-1 .
  • Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide , Vol. 1, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8014-8720-0
  • Steven L. Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-09250-8 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names , Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
  • Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Quelques nouvelles espèces D'Oiseaux, par F. de Lafresnaye , Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne, 1843, pp. 97-99
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Calliste lunigera, Sclater, Sp. Nov. , Contributions to ornithology, 1851
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 46, The genus Tangara. Part 1. American Museum novitates, No. 1245, 1943.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jon Fjeldså et al., P. 610 f
  2. ^ Jon Fjeldså et al., P. 611
  3. ↑ Steven L. Hilty et al., Birds of Venezuela p. 770
  4. ↑ Thomas Schulenberg et al., P. 562
  5. ^ Jon Fjeldså et al., P. 611
  6. ^ Steven L. Hilty, A Guide to the Birds of Colombia, p. 612
  7. ^ Robert S. Ridgely et al., P. 726
  8. ^ Robert S. Ridgely et al., P. 726
  9. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 10
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 220
  11. ↑ Frédéric de Lafresnaye, p. 97
  12. ↑ Éditions Larousse Online Calliste à face rouge  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (French)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.larousse.fr  
  13. ^ Sclater, p. 65
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 232
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 397
  16. ^ Magasin de Zoologie: d'anatomie comparée et de palaeontologie, 1843 plate 41 (French)
  17. ↑ Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names (Engl.)
  18. ^ Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne, 1843 Quelques nouvelles espèces D'Oiseaux, par F. de Lafresnaye (French) original article
  19. ^ Contributions to ornithology, 1851 Calliste lunigera, Sclater, Sp. Nov. (Latin & English) original article
  20. ↑ American Museum novitates, No. 1245 Tangara parzudakii urubambae, new subspecies (English; PDF; 1.9 MB) Original article

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