American red raspberry

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American red raspberry
Rubus strigosus near the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska

Rubus strigosus near the Matanuska Glacier , Alaska

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Rose-like (rosales)
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Rosoideae
Genre : Rubus
Type : American red raspberry
Scientific name
Rubus strigosus
Michx.
Rubus strigosus : Foliage with the large leaves on the first-year shoots and the small leaves on the second-year shoots

The American red raspberry ( Rubus strigosus , English American red raspberry or American raspberry ) is a species of the rose family that is native to North America. It has often been considered a variety or subspecies of the closely related Eurasian Rubus idaeus (raspberry), but is currently considered more of a distinct species. Many of the commercially grown raspberries - varieties are hybrids of R. strigosus and R. idaeus .

description

R. strigosus is a perennial plant with biennial shoots ("tendrils") that emerge from the perennial root system. In the first year, the sprout grows quickly to its full height of 0.5 ... 2 meters and does not branch out. It has large pinnate leaves with three or five (rarely seven) leaflets; usually it does not produce flowers. In the second year, this shoot does not grow any larger, but produces several side shoots with smaller leaves with three leaflets each.

The flowers are produced in late spring on short flower stalks at the tips of the side shoots. Each flower has five white petals 4… 7 millimeters long. The fruit has a diameter of 1 ... 1.2 centimeters, is red, edible and has a sweet and sour taste. It ripens in late summer and early fall. In the botanical sense, it is not a berry , but a collective fruit made up of numerous stone fruits around a central core.

Taxonomy

Among botanists there was a long debate about the taxonomic classification of the Eurasian and American red raspberries, including a view that all circumpolar in the boreal zone encountered species with Rubus idaeus to name, and the other in two or merge more species within this group. Fernald doubted it, but Bailey and many others insisted. The two species have a lot in common and may therefore have only recently emerged from a common ancestor, which led to differences in taxonomic interpretation, especially with regard to the more intermediate Asian plants. A common current approach followed here is to view the North American red raspberries as Rubus strigosus and only the Eurasian plants as Rubus idaeus . When the species are combined, as has been done in some recent publications, the Eurasian plants are named Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus (or Rubus idaeus var. idaeus) and the American plants as R. idaeus ssp. strigosus (or R. idaeus var. strigosus ). Various interpretations were also made regarding the classification of several East Asian populations of this group, some of which were regarded by some as further subspecies (ssp.) Or varieties (var.), While others were regarded as new species. The greatest external difference is usually the presence of glandular hairs on the first-year shoots, petioles, pedicels, and sepals in R. strigosus that R. idaeus lacks.

distribution

Rubus strigosus (understood in the context shown here) is widespread in North America, especially in the more boreal regions. Some authors also include various raspberries in East Asia, namely east of the Aerhtal Shan ( Mongolian Altai ) in Mongolia to Dongbei ( Manchuria ) and Japan in this taxon ( suggesting that it developed along with much of the North American flora ), but others consider these Asiatic raspberries to belong to R. idaeus , where they refer to the Eurasian plants as Rubus idaeus ssp. (or var.) idaeus .

Individual evidence

  1. Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke . United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  2. a b Rubus idaeus .
  3. a b American red raspberry on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.Template: GRIN / Maintenance / No ID specified
  4. ^ AE Roland, EC Smith: The Flora of Nova Scotia . Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax 1983.
  5. ^ A b T. Grignon: The Dynamics of Rubus strigosus (Michx.) In Post-Clearcut Mixedwood and Softwood Forests of Nova Scotia 1992.
  6. a b M. L. Fernald: Rubus idaeus and its variety anomalus in America . In: Rhodora . 22, 1900, pp. 195-200.
  7. ^ ML Fernald: Rubus idaeus and some of its variations in North America . In: Rhodora . 21, 1919, pp. 89-98.
  8. LH Bailey: Species Batorum. The genus Rubus in North America X . In: Gentes Herbarum . 5, 1945, pp. 859-918.
  9. ^ AR Hodgdon, RB Pike: Flora of the Wolf Islands, New Brunswick. Part 2. Some phytogeographic considerations . In: Rhodora . 66, 1964, p. 140.
  10. ^ GG Whitney: A demographic analysis of Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus pubescens Raf .: the reproductive traits and population dynamics of two temporally isolated members of the genus Rubus . Yale University, 1978.
  11. ^ NL Nickerson, IV Hall: Large-flowered Trillium, Trillium grandiflorum , in Nova Scotia . In: Can. Field Nat. . 92, No. 3, 1978, p. 291.
  12. B. Freedman: Environmental Ecology: The Impacts of Pollution and Other Stresses on Ecosystem Structure and Function . Academic Press, San Diego 1989.