Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497)
| date | December 1494 to March 1497 |
|---|---|
| place | West Karelia |
| output | Novgorod Peace . The status quo ante bellum was restored. |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497 ( Russian Русско-шведская война 1495–1497 ; Swedish Stora ryska kriget 1495–1497 ) was an armed conflict between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden over Russian access to the Baltic Sea .
prehistory
Ivan III (Reign from 1462 to 1505) the Khanate of Kazan made itself tribute in 1469 , forced the city of Novgorod to submit to unconditional submission (1478) after its general Daniel Cholmski had defeated and dispersed its military power on the banks of the Schelon (1471) and in 1480 defended one Attack of the Chans of the Golden Horde , Mohammed, while standing on the Ugra . The empire of the Golden Horde collapsed and Russia was freed from the Tatar yoke.
Through his marriage (1472) to Princess Sophie, the niece of the last paleological emperor of Byzantium , who had found refuge in Rome, Ivan III entered. in closer connection with the rest of Europe. In 1478 Ivan III took over Novgorod became part of the Moscow Grand Duchy and in the same year was the first Russian Grand Duke to assume the title of Tsar. The Ivangorod fortress was under his rule in the summer of 1492 on the right bank of the Narva built. In 1494 he had made an alliance with Grand Duke Alexander of Lithuania and married his daughter Helena, for which Alexander Vyazma and Mossalsk ceded. The office of the Hanseatic League , the Peterhof in Novgorod, was born on November 6 in 1494 after the arrest of merchants. After several years of negotiations, almost all of the merchants captured in Novgorod were released in March 1497 after the peace agreement with Sweden.
On May 13, 1470, after the death of his uncle, King Karl VIII Knutsson, Sten Sture the Elder took over the post of Reich Administrator . Resistance to the Kalmar Union and the domination of Denmark increased. On October 10, 1471, the battle of the Brunkeberg took place between the armies of the Swedish ruler Sten Sture the Elder and the Danish King Christian I.
Course of war
Muscovite troops under the command of Prince Daniel Wassiljewitsch Shtschenja set out from Novgorod in 1495 against Wiborg . A second contingent from Pleskau under Prince Vasili Feodorowitsch Schuiski was added.
Sten Sture sent 500 German mercenaries under the command of Hartwig Winholt to Vyborg and another 800 armed peasants were mobilized. The Bishop of Åbo sent 40 knights under the command of Magnus Frille . Knut Posse , the defender of the Wiborg fortress, was already an experienced warlord.
Wiborg was successfully defended against the Russian attack in November 1495. In 1496 a Swedish attack on the fortress Ivangorod followed , as well as Russian attacks on Viborg and Nyslott (Finnish: Savonlinna ), also raids in Karelia , Nyland (Finnish: Uusimaa ) and Österbotten .
Peace of Novgorod 1497
The first peace negotiations took place in autumn 1496. The peace treaty came in the spring of 1497. In the Peace of Novgorod, the boundary laid down by the Treaty of Nöteborg was confirmed. An agreement was also reached on six years of peace.
literature
- Norbert Angermann: Novgorod - The office in the east. In: The Hanseatic League - Reality and Myth . Volume 1, Ed. Jörgen Bracker, Hamburg 1989.
Web links
- Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek ( Memento from September 23, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) (Swedish)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Jerker Rosén: Stureregimen, unionspolitiken 1471–1503 . In: G. Grenholm (Ed.): Den svenska historien. 3 Kyrka och riddarliv. Karl Knutsson and Sturetides. (Swedish), Bonnier Lexikon AB, 1992, ISBN 91-632-0005-8 .