Sabulodes

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Sabulodes
Sabulodes aegrotata

Sabulodes aegrotata

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Spanner (Geometridae)
Subfamily : Ennominae
Genre : Sabulodes
Scientific name
Sabulodes
Guenée , 1857

Sabulodes is a genus of butterflies fromthe Spanner family (Geometridae).

features

The moths reach a fore wing length of 13 to 26 millimeters. The eyes are large, rounded and bald. The forehead ( frons ) is flat or slightly curved and still reaches just above the eyes out. The tongue is well developed. The labial palps reach the middle of the eyes. The first two segments are roughly the same length, the third element is short or moderately long and has closely fitting scales . The antennae of both sexes have a simple shape and are scaled on top. The underside is finely haired and provided with one or two lateral pairs of bristles on the back of each segment . The thorax is stocky, the cervical collar and patagia (paired structure on the pronotum that covers the base of the forewings) are provided with long, slender scales, under which there are shorter wool-like scales. The anterior tibia have short thick processes that arise in the distal half of the segment. The hind tibia are provided with two pairs of spurs, in the males they can be provided with hairy brushes. The abdomen is medium-sized and elongated, there are no dorsal tufts of hair. In the males, median rows of bristles can be formed ventrally on the third segment.

The front wings are either wide or elongated, the outer edge is rounded or angled at the M 3 vein . There are 12 veins, with most species there are no areoles - small, usually triangular, closed wing cells that are formed by the bifurcation of the median veins. The hind wings are wide and have a rounded outer edge that is bulged at the M 3 vein . The frenulum is strong.

The forewing upper sides are monochrome yellow-brown, ocher-colored or gray-white and have only a weak mark. The upper sides of the hind wings are colored as well as the upper sides of the forewings. In a second type of coloration, the forewing tops are pale yellowish brown and have a dark brown area in the middle. The third type of coloration has reddish brown fore wings, which are provided with a silvery white longitudinal markings. The upper sides of the hind wings of the last two coloring types are paler than the upper sides of the forewings.

In the males, the shape of the uncus ranges from relatively narrow, tapering and with a blunt tip to wide, somewhat narrower than at the base and an apex that can be wedge-shaped to broadly rounded. At the end of a finger-shaped extension there is a socius, which can be arranged transversely or longitudinally. The Gnathos is distinctive, wide and has a warty elevation in the middle. The blades are medium-sized, have an even inner surface and are sparsely hairy. An exception is the large sclerotized costa, which extends as a curved or angled arm over the rear edge. The aedeagus ring (anellus) is well sclerotized and either rounded, flattened or cup-shaped in front. At the back it is provided with an elongated extension that is evenly sclerotized or has longitudinal ridges. It can also be slim and fork-shaped. The tegumen is wide and elongated. The saccus can be of different lengths. In most species it is shorter than the tegumen. It can have a blunt point at the front and taper to a long point. The aedeagus is slightly longer than the tegumen and socius combined. The anterior end is ventrally sclerotized. The dorsal area from one third to one half is taken up by the ejacular duct. The posterior end is completely or partially sclerotized, the ventral surface may have rows of heavily sclerotized tooth-shaped processes or ridges.

In females the anal papillae are short. The posteromedian area is curved and forms an elliptical or round opening with a very hairy edge. There are extensions in the middle. The apophyses posteriores are medium-sized and about 1.4 to 2.6 millimeters long. The sterigma is provided with a sclerotized, variably ornamented, elongated, finger-shaped lamella postvaginalis. The lateral areas are partially or completely sclerotized and either flat or ridged. The ductus bursae is either sclerotized, short and broad or slender, elongated and flattened dorsoventrally. The lateral margins appear more sclerotized than the central area. The seminal duct arises either on the left side of the bursal duct at a small thickening or in the middle. The corpus bursae is large and membranous, the posterior end is more or less asymmetrical. Signa are not trained.

distribution

The distribution area of ​​the genus extends from northwest North America starting from the southern half of British Columbia over the United States , Mexico and Central America to the south of Brazil (including the Greater Antilles ). So far, no species have been detected from Chile , the low-lying catchment areas of the Amazon , northeastern Brazil, Suriname , French Guiana , Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles . The genus has the greatest biodiversity in Mexico and the United States. About two thirds of the known species occur in these two countries.

biology

With the exception of Sabulodes agreotata, very little is known about the pre-imaginal stages of the genus . In addition, only the caterpillar of Sabulodes edwartsata has been described. Little is known about host plants either. In North America, Sabulodes agreotata lives on a variety of herbaceous plants and trees (with the exception of conifers). In Brazil, the caterpillars of Sabulodes caberata develop on eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus ). Sabulodes spoliata and Sabulodes edwartsata only feed on conifers .

Systematics

The following list of species is based on the work of Scoble 1999 and Scoble & Hausmann 2007. Currently, the genus Sabulodes is assigned over 70 species, with some of them being unclear. The type species of the genus is Sabulodes caberata Guenée , 1857.

The following synonym is known from the literature:

  • Phengommataea Hulst , 1896

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Frederick A. Rindge (1978): A revision of the genus Sabulodes (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 160, p. 200
  2. ↑ Malcolm Scoble: Geometrid moths of the world. A catalog (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 1999, ISBN 0-643-06304-8 (English).
  3. ^ "MJ Scoble; A. Hausmann (2007): Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the World. Online