Juice cystids
| Juice cystids | ||||||||||||
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Gloiothele lactescens , the lactating juice cystidling |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Gloiothelium | ||||||||||||
| Bres. 1920 |
The genus of the sap cystidlings ( Gloiothele ) is a satellite genus of the Gloeocystidiellum complex and belongs to the family of the cystid bark fungus relatives (Peniophoraceae). Their representatives have thin, corticoid , membranous to waxy fruiting bodies that are whitish to yellowish or ocher to light brown in color. The growing on dead wood or bark white rot fungi have a monomitisches Hyphensystem, buckleless hyphae and most numerous, sulfopositive Gloeozystiden . The ellipsoidal to spherical basidiospores are smooth and amyloid . The genus is closely related to the genus Vesiculomyces and some mycologists even believe that both genera are synonymous. The type species of the genus is Gloiothele lamellosa (Henn.) Bres.
features
The corticoid fruiting bodies, which are a few centimeters long and wide, are firmly attached to the substrate. They are membranous or waxy and can sometimes be crusty or cracked with age. They are up to 0.5 mm thick. The fruit body is whitish, yellowish to cream-colored or pink-ocher-colored to light brown. Some species, such as the Milchende Saftzystidling, give off a whitish milk when they are cut. The hymenium is more or less smooth or warty and follows the substrate in its topography. In the type species Gloiothele lamellosa the hymenophore is very variable and can be odontioid , irpicoid or almost poroid .
The hyphae system is monomitic and the hyphae are buckleless. Hyphae that lie directly on the substrate are oriented parallel to it and are loosely to tightly woven (especially in the subiculum ). In the direction of the hymenium, the 2–6 µm wide hyphae rise increasingly vertically and slide between the mostly abundant gloeocystids. The hyaline, thin or, in some species, slightly thickened cell walls are inamyloid and acyanophilic . The sulfopositive gloeocystids are cylindrical to bottle-shaped and often coiled. They are typically 40-300 µm long and 5-20 µm wide. Their walls are thin and hyaline, and the mostly oily to granular content turns yellowish with KOH . In addition, most species contain numerous to isolated, filamentous, 2–3 µm wide hyphidia . The four-pore basidia are cylindrical to irregularly clubbed. In some species they can sometimes be somewhat utriform (udder-shaped). They measure approximately 30–75 × 4–12 µm. The basidiospores are broadly ellipsoidal to spherical, their spore walls hyaline, thin to slightly thick-walled and amyloid. The apiculus is usually clearly formed. According to M. Ghobad-Nejhad, Gloiothele torrendii has inamyloid spores.
Ecology and diffusion
The saprobiotically living white rot fungi often grow on strongly decomposed hardwood and only rarely on coniferous wood. The genus is distributed worldwide in the temperate and subtropical climate zone . In Europe, the genus is only represented by the milk end juice cystidling and the very rare Gloiothele torrendii , which has been found in Portugal .
Systematics
The genus Gloiothele is one of many satellite genera of the Gloeocystidiellum complex. It contains monomitic species with buckle-free hyphae, sulfopositive gloeocystids, and smooth, amyloid basidiospores. The genus corresponds essentially to Eriksson's and Ryvardens G. lactescens group.
When Bresadola defined the genus gloiothele in 1920 , he only used four words: "Est Grammothele gloeocystidiis praedita" (a grammothele with gloeocystids). For this he described the type species Gloiothele lamellosa in detail. Since it was the only species in its genus, the genus was well characterized by the type species. The genus was almost forgotten until K. Hjortstam noticed in 1987 that the African Gloiothele lamellosa and the lactating sap cystidling known as Gloeocystidiellum lactescens have very similar properties. Therefore he placed the milk end juice cystidling in Bresadola's old genus.
Gloeocystidiellum lactescens was previously placed in the genus Megalocystidium by W. Jülich in 1978 . The most important characteristics of the genus Megalocystidium are the resupinate fruiting bodies, the smooth hymenium and a monomitic hyphae, as well as long, winding, sulfopositive gloeocystid, narrow-clumped basidia and cylindrical to ellipsoidal basidiospores. In contrast to the representatives of the genus Gloiothele, the hyphae wear buckles. J. Boidin and P. Lanquetin, however, placed the milk end juice cystidling in 1983 in the very similar genus Vesiculomyces . The genus Vesiculomyces was proposed in 1977 by E. Hagström to give Gloeocystidiellum citrinum a "new home". Characteristic features of their genus were sulfonegative gloeocystids, buckle-free hyphae, smooth, almost spherical and amyloid basidiospores, and long, narrow basidia.
J. Boidin and P. Lanquetin observed that the gloeocystids of Vesiculomyces citrinus in the fruiting bodies were typically empty and therefore understandably reacted sulfonegatively, while the gloeocystids in cultured samples had an oily content that reacted sulfopositive. (Other mycologists could not confirm this behavior.) Therefore, they considered the genera Vesiculomyces and Megalocystidium to be synonymous and expanded the generic concept of Vesiculomyces . In their opinion, Vesiculomyces is characterized by the monomitic hyphae system, the smooth, amyloid spores and the (in contradiction to E. Hagström) more or less sulfopositive, mostly numerous, clearly oily gloeocystids. In their opinion, the hyphae can be buckled or nodularly septate within the genus.
In 1996 SH Wu did not accept any species with nodular septate hyphae of the genus Vesiculomyces . Instead, he united Vesiculomyces with the older genus Gloiothele . For him the genus Gloiothele was characterized by the buckleless hyphae and the smooth, spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, thin-walled and weakly amyloid basidiospores. As a further characteristic he cites the usually clubbed basidia, which in many species can be irregularly swollen and sometimes somewhat utriform.
However, recent molecular biological studies by E. and KH Larrson and SL Miller and his co-authors show that the genus Vesiculomyces is a sister taxon of Gloiothele . The type species Gloiothele lamellosa has a very variable hymenophore , which can be odontioid , irpicoid or almost poroid . It is therefore not surprising that the species has been described under different names. J. Boidin described the taxon in 1966 as Gloeocystidiellum irpiscescens and in 1983 together with his co-authors as Vesiculomyces epitheloides .
The genus Amylofungus was created by SH Wu in 1995 to include Vesiculomyces corrosus . In 1997 he also placed Vesiculomyces globosporus in this genus. Both species show all the diagnostic features of the genus gloiothele , they only differ in that, in addition to the spores, the hyphae, gloeocystids and basidia can also be stained with iodine reagents. Both species have not yet been investigated in terms of molecular biology. It is therefore quite possible that Wu overestimated the taxonomic value of the amyloid reaction and that both species also belong to the genus Gloiothele .
The position of Gloiothele torrendii is also controversial. The species has fragile, frosted fruiting bodies and multiple branched hyphae that can occasionally wear buckles. The basidia are quite urn-shaped and the spores cannot be stained with iodine reagents. There are also numerous crystal-covered Dendrohyphidia . Therefore, M. Ghobad-Nejhad placed the fungus in the genus Leptocorticium in 2009 . However, the phylogenetic position within the genus Gloiothele was confirmed molecular-biologically by S. Miller and his co-authors (2006) as well as by E. and KH Larsson 2003. In both family trees the species forms a basal branch within the genus branch.
species
According to today's view (as of 2015), the genus has around 10 species worldwide. In Europe, the genus is only represented by one species, Gloiothele lactescens , the lactating juice cystidling, provided that Ghobad-Nejhad is followed and Gloiothele torrendii is placed in the genus Leptocorticium .
| Scientific name | author | Location and distribution |
|---|---|---|
| Gloiothele citrinoidea | Sheng H. Wu | Known only from Taiwan. The fungus grows on the dead remains of palm fronds. |
| Gloiothele globosa | Sheng H. Wu | Taiwan, on a crescent fir ( Cryptomeria japonica ) branch |
| Gloiothele granulosa | Hjortstam & Spooner | Malaysia, holotype on a dead, still standing tree. |
| Gloiothele humilis | (Boidin) Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles | Evidence from Central Africa (Gabon, Central African Republic). Grows on dead wood. |
| Gloiothele incrustata | Gorjón | - |
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Gloiothele lactescens |
(Berk.) Hjortstam | In many temperate and subtropical regions of the world. Widespread across Europe. The white rot fungus usually grows on dead hardwood, but the holotype was collected on Scots pine bark. |
| Gloiothele lamellosa | (Henn.) Bres. | Africa (Tanzania, Central Africa), South Africa (Transvaal) and Madagascar and Reunion, as well as Malaysia. |
| Gloiothele larssonii | Gorjón | - |
| Gloiothele orientalis | (Parmasto) Ghob.-Nejh. | The holotype was collected in Russia (Far East) on Asiatic yellowwood ( Maackia amurensis ). |
| Gloiothele torrendii | (Bres.) Boidin & H. Michel | Holotype was isolated from a branch of an olive tree in Portugal. |
| Gloiothele ventricosa | Ghob.-Nejh. | Holotype was collected on the island of Reunion . It grew on a debarked hardwood trunk. |
| Gloiothele zawitensis | (SS Rattan, Abdullah & Ismail) Sheng H. Wu | There is evidence from Iraq. Collections made grown on the wood Calabrian pine ( Pinus halepensis var. Brutia ) |
swell
- Gloiothelium. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed October 12, 2014 .
- Gloiothelium. Bres. (1920). In: www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved October 12, 2014 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Gloiothele. In: MycoKey. Retrieved February 22, 2013 .
- ^ A b c J. Ginns, GW Freeman: The Gloeocystidiellaceae (Basidiomycota, Hericiales) of North America . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . tape 157 , 1994, p. 54 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ a b c d e Sheng H. Wu: Studies on Gloeocystidiellum sensu lato (Basidiomycotina) in Taiwan . In: Mycotaxon . tape 58 , 1996, pp. 37–40 ( cybertruffle.org - description of the genus on page 51).
- ^ J. Eriksson, L. Ryvarden: The Corticiaceae of North Europe . tape 3 , 1975, p. 404 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ J. Boidin, P. Lanquetin: Basidiomycetes Aphyllophorales épitheloïdes étales . In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 16, No. 2 , 1983, p. 461-499 ( online - description and delimitation of the genus Vesiculomyces on pages 492-496).
- ^ KK Nakasone: Cultural studies and identification of wood-inhabiting Corticiaceae and selected Hymenomycetes from North America . In: Mycologia Memoirs . tape 15 , 1990, pp. 1-412 ( mycobank.org - description of the genus Vesiculomyces on page 31).
- ^ W. Jülich: Studies in resupinate Basidiomycetes - V. Some new genera and species. In: Persoonia . tape 10 , no. 1 , 1978, p. 137–140 ( cybertruffle.org [accessed September 10, 2014] with English and Latin generic diagnosis).
- ↑ a b c Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 , 2003, p. 1037-1065 ( mycologia.org (PDF; 1.13 MB) ).
- ^ A b Steven L. Miller et al .: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . Vol. 98, No. 6 , 2006, p. 960-970 , JSTOR : 20444785 .
- ↑ a b A. Bernicchia, SP Gorjón (ed.): Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae sl . tape 12 , 2010, p. 307 ( mycobank.org Gloiothele lactescens ).
- ↑ Sheng-Hua Wu: Two new genera of corticioid basidiomycetes with gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 87 , no. 6 , 1995, pp. 886–890 ( cybertruffle.org - species description on page 886). www.cybertruffle.org ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sheng H. Wu: Two new combinations: Amylofungus globosporus and Gloeomyces moniliformis . In: Mycotaxon . tape 64 , 1997, pp. 361–364 ( cybertruffle.org - species description on page 362).
- ↑ a b c d Masoomeh Ghobad-Neihad: A new species and new combinations in the corticioid genus Gloiothele (Basidiomycota) . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycotaxon . tape 110 , no. 6 , 2009, p. 261-270 ( online ).
- ↑ K. Hjortstam, BM Spooner, S. G Oldridge: Some Aphyllophorales and Heterobasidiomycetes from Sabah, Malaysia . In: Kew Bulletin . tape 45 , 1990, pp. 303-322 ( mycobank.org - Gloiothele granulosa page 307).
- ↑ J. Boidin, P. Lanquetin, G. Gilles: Le genre Gloeocystidiellum sensu lato (Basidiomycotina) . In: Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France . tape 113 , no. 1 , 1997, p. 1–80 ( mycobank.org - description on page 52).
- ↑ J. Boidin, G. Gilles: Basidiomycètes Aphyllophorales de l'ile de La Reunion. XXI - Suite . In: Mycotaxon . tape 75 , no. 1 , 2000, pp. 357–387 ( cybertruffle.org - description of Gloiothele lamellosa on page 368).
- ^ SS Rattan, ZK Abdullah, ALS Ismail: Studies on fungi causing diseases and decays of trees in Iraq . In: Nova Hedwigia . tape 29 , no. (3-4) , 1978, p. 765-779 ( mycobank.org - Gloeocystidiellum zawitense on page 768).
