Calabrian pine

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Calabrian pine
Pinus brutia Avsallar.jpg

Calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia )

Systematics
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Type : Calabrian pine
Scientific name
Pinus brutia
Ten.

The Kalabrische pine ( Pinus Brutia ), also called Turkish pine or Eastern Mediterranean pine referred to, is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The natural range is in the eastern Mediterranean , around the Black Sea and in western Asia . A distinction is made between four varieties . The species Pinus brutiaas a whole is classified as not endangered, but the variety Pinus brutia var. pityusa is considered endangered, and the degree of endangerment of the variety Pinus brutia var. eldarica cannot be assessed due to a lack of data on the actual distribution area. The wood of Pinus brutia is u. a. used as construction timber or processed into pulp . In Turkey the resin is used to produce turpentine , and retsina is also flavored with the resin.

description

Appearance

The Calabrian pine grows as an evergreen tree that reaches heights of up to 30, maybe even 35 meters. The trunk is straight or slightly curved, sometimes also forked and has a diameter of up to 150 centimeters at chest height , exceptionally also up to 210 centimeters. The trunk bark is thin, orange-brown and only becomes thick, deeply furrowed and scaly in the lower part of the trunk of large trees. The bark then breaks into elongated, pale brown to reddish brown plates. The branches are horizontal or erect and form a pyramidal to rounded, open crown. The needled branches are thin, 3 to 5 millimeters thick, glabrous and become rough due to the pulvini of fallen needle sheaths. Young shoots are initially bluish green, then yellowish brown and later gray.

Buds and needles

Twigs and needles

The winter buds are ovate-conical resinous at a length 10 to 15 millimeters, with a pointed upper end and not. The bud scales are reddish brown and have white hairs along the leaf margins and a curved tip. The needles of older trees grow in pairs or rarely in threes in a permanent 10 to 16 millimeter long needle sheath. The needles are light or dark green, straight and inelastic, more rarely soft and drooping, sometimes only 5, usually 10 to 18 and sometimes 29 centimeters long and 1 to 1.5 millimeters thick. The edge of the needle is finely sawn. There are fine stomata lines on all needle sides . Several resin channels running close to the surface are formed for each needle . The needles stay on the tree for 1.5 to 2.5 years and form about 9 months after germination. Needles of younger trees are tinged with blue, 1.5 to 4 centimeters long and grow continuously over two to four years.

Cones and seeds

Ripe seed cones

The pollen cones grow spirally arranged in groups. They are yellow, short-cylindrical and 1 to 2 inches long. The seed cones grow individually, in pairs or in threes, rarely in groups of four in whorls . They are short stalked to almost sessile and are fully grown to the front or almost at right angles from the branches. They are closed, narrow to broad, ovoid-conical, ovoid or rarely almost round, sometimes only 4, usually 6 to 11 and sometimes up to 13 centimeters long and 3 to 5 centimeters wide. When opened, they have a diameter of 5 to 8 centimeters. They are initially green and shiny red-brown when ripe. The seed scales are thick, woody, stiff, straight and elongated. The apophysis is shiny red-brown and gray under the influence of weather, in the middle of the cone about 20 millimeters long, flat or slightly raised, with a more or less rhombic outline, often with a rounded upper edge, cross keeled and provided with thin stripes starting from the center. The umbo is flat or slightly recessed, unreinforced, light or gray-brown, 4 to 7 millimeters long, with a broad rhombic outline. The seeds are obovate, 6 to 7 sometimes up to 8 millimeters long, about 5 millimeters wide, slightly flattened, gray-brown and sometimes darkly spotted. The seed wing is 14 to 20 millimeters long, 8 to 11 millimeters wide, translucent gray-brown with darker stripes.

The seeds ripen two years after pollination and, depending on the environmental conditions, open in the same summer up to a year or two later. However, the seeds are often not released until winter, when the rains soften the scales.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution, ecology and endangerment

The natural range of the Calabrian pine is in the eastern Mediterranean area, around the Black Sea and in western Asia. They are found in Greece including the Aegean Islands and Crete , Turkey and Lebanon, the Crimean Peninsula , Bulgaria, Georgia in the Caucasus , northwest Iran, northern Iraq and western Syria. In Calabria , which also occurs in the German name, it died out. Pinus brutia grows from sea level to an altitude of 1500 meters. It forms extensive, open, pure stands or coniferous forests together with the Mediterranean cypress ( Cupressus sempervirens ) and the Greek juniper ( Juniperus excelsa ) and with the Kermes oak ( Quercus coccifera ), the mastic ( Pistacia lentiscus ) and other trees that tolerate drought . The stocks regenerate quickly after a bush fire due to the seeds released and the species can also assert itself in the maquis if it is spared from fire for several years. The distribution area near the coast is determined by the Mediterranean climate with cold, humid winters and hot, dry summers. In contrast to forest stands, natural stands have a rich undergrowth of shrubs and herbaceous plants, which forms an important habitat for various wild animals.

In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus brutia be deemed not at risk ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). It should be noted, however, that a reassessment is pending.

Calabrian pines in a forest on Thassos
Illustration for the variety Pinus brutia var. Eldarica (Medw.) Silba

Systematics and research history

The Calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia ) is a species from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , section Pinus and subsection Pinaster .

The first description of Pinus brutius was in 1811 by Michele Tenore in the Flora Napolitana . The specific epithet , which in brutia have been corrected are probably derived from Brutium from, the Roman name of the area where today Calabria is located. More synonyms for Pinus brutius Ten. are: Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe , Pinus halepensis var. brutia (Ten.) A. Henry , Pinus persica Fox-Strangw.

There are four varieties of Pinus brutius :

  • Pinus brutia Ten. var. brutia : The needles are horizontal and 10 to 18 centimeters long. The seed cones are ovate-conical, the apophysis is red-brown. The distribution area is in the eastern Mediterranean and in Turkey.
  • Pinus brutia var. Eldarica (Medw.) Silba (Syn .: Pinus eldarica Medw. ): The seed cones are egg-shaped and round, the apophysis is slightly raised and whitish gray. The distribution area is in Georgia, in Azerbaijan near the border with Georgia, in the northwest of Iran and in the north of Iraq. There may also be representatives in Afghanistan. There it grows in semi-arid pine forests mixed with hard- leaved deciduous trees. For the IUCN, there is a lack of sufficient data (“data deficient”) for the variety in order to assess the risk. The reason given is the poorly known distribution area and the lack of data on the development of the population. The only secured stocks are in the border area between Georgia and Azerbaijan. The taxon was created in 1903 by Jakow Sergejewitsch Medwedew as a separate species Pinus eldarica Medw. ( Basionym ), but the differences to the brutia variety are so small that even the distinction as a variety is questionable. The taxon was placed as a variety in the species Pinus brutia by John Silba in 1985 .
  • Pinus brutia var. Pendulifolia Frankis : The needles are pendulous and 18 to 29 centimeters long. The seed cones are ovate-conical, the apophysis is red-brown. The distribution area is in the province of Muğla in Turkey.
  • Pinus brutia var. Pityusa (Steven) Silba (Syn .: Pinus pityusa Steven , Pinus stankewiczii (Sukaczev) Fomin ): The needles are 5 to 8 centimeters long and are horizontal. The seed cones are ovate-conical, the apophysis is red-brown. The distribution area is in Russia in the Krasnodar region , in Abkhazia , Georgia and in the Crimea in Ukraine. The variety is listed as endangered ("Vulnerable") in the IUCN Red List. It should be noted, however, that a reassessment is pending. The taxon was first described by Christian von Steven in 1838 as a separate species Pinus pityusa Steven and attributed as a variety of the species Pinus brutia by John Silba in 1985 . Further synonyms are Pinus pityusa var. Stankewiczii Sukaczev and Pinus brutia var. Stankewiczii (Sukaczev) Frankis .

use

The Calabrian pine was widely planted in the eastern Mediterranean and around the Black Sea. Together with the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ) it is easiest to cultivate in the Mediterranean climate. Even the old stocks from Calabria, which were also used for the first description, could only have been naturalized there. Due to the frequent use of the Aleppo pine, however, the differences to the Calabrian pine are blurred by crossing in natural stands, although the Calabrian pine is characterized by a better trunk shape from a forestry point of view and faster growth. The wood is used to make fence posts and telephone poles , as construction timber , for railway sleepers , containers and pulp . The resin has been used to flavor white wine, for example retsina , for ages . In Turkey, the pine trees are still mainly used for the production of turpentine resin-coated . It is seldom used in horticulture, and seldom planted as a park tree in Mediterranean areas. In southeast Australia there have been attempts to use the species in forestry.

Research on charcoal from the period between the Bronze Age and Hellenism in Cyprus , the main supplier of copper was that Pinus brutia supplied 23% of the charcoal used for the smelting process, while 71% of the charcoal came from olive trees.

swell

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 641-643 .
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ German name after Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos of the Mediterranean flora. Over 1600 species and 1600 photos (=  KosmosNaturführer ). Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 .
  2. a b German name after Ruprecht Düll, Irene Düll: Pocket dictionary of the Mediterranean flora . A botanical-ecological excursion companion. 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-494-01426-5 , p. 266 .
  3. a b c d Christopher J. Earle: Pinus brutia. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 2019, accessed on April 16, 2019 .
  4. a b c d e f g Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 641.
  5. Pinus brutia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. a b Pinus brutia. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed April 1, 2013 .
  7. Pinus brutia in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Retrieved on April 1, 2013.
  8. ^ Illustration by Jakow Sergejewitsch Medwedew
  9. Pinus brutia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2019.
  10. a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 642.
  11. Pinus brutia var. Eldarica in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2007. Accessed April 1, 2013.
  12. Pinus brutia var. Eldarica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed April 1, 2013 .
  13. a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 643.
  14. Pinus brutia var. Pityusa in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Retrieved on April 1, 2013.
  15. Pinus brutia var. Pityusa. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed April 1, 2013 .
  16. ^ Michael Gareth Brown: Landscapes of Settlement in South-east Cyprus. The Late Bronze Age Origins of a Phoenician Polity. Incorporating the results of fieldwork by the author at Pyla-Kokkinokremos 2007-2009 , thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011, p. 24.

Web links

Commons : Calabrian Pine ( Pinus brutia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files