Mountain stone herb

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Mountain stone herb
Mountain stone herb (Alyssum montanum subsp.gmelinii)

Mountain alyssum ( Alyssum montanum subsp. Gmelinii )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Alysseae
Genre : Stone herbs ( Alyssum )
Type : Mountain stone herb
Scientific name
Alyssum montanum
L.

The mountain stone herb ( Alyssum montanum ) is a member of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae) that is scattered or rarely found in Central Europe . It mainly blooms from March to May.

Upper side of leaves with star hairs
Fruit surface with star hair

Appearance

The perennial herbaceous plant reaches a stature height of around 10 to 25 cm and has numerous, ascending, fairly regularly leafy herbaceous stems . They have a somewhat woody rhizome . The leaves are gray-green, lanceolate, the lower ones are obovate, densely packed and about 8 to 25 mm long. The upper leaves are looser and narrower. The underside of the leaves is colored whitish by dense star hair, while the upper side looks more whitish-greenish. The inflorescence is a simple, terminal raceme that consists of 15 to 50 flowers . At the beginning the inflorescences are crowded and umbel-like , until the fruit is ripe they stretch to a length of about 3 to 10 cm. The flower and fruit stalks are usually 4 to 11 mm long when fully grown, one to two and a half times longer than the pods and protruding almost horizontally. The sepals are 2 to 3 mm long and fall off soon after flowering. The petals are yellow, wedge-shaped, about 3 to 6 mm long and slightly edged. The longer stamens are winged, the shorter ones have an appendage at the base. The pods are more or less rounded, about 3.5 to 6 mm long, have one or two seeds per compartment and are coarse with pressed star hairs.

The species traditionally divides into two subspecies in Central Europe with the following characteristics:

a) Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum

The growth is dense, prostrate or ascending. The leaves are obovate and densely hairy. The petals are deep yellow and about 3 to 6 mm long. The longer stamens are winged on one side. The pods are often circular and densely hairy.

b) Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii (Jord. & Fourr.) Em. Schmid (Syn .: Alyssum arenarium C.C. Gmel. ), also known as Sand Stone herb called

The growth is loose, ascending or upright. The leaves are narrow, elongated and loosely hairy. The petals are pale yellow and about 3 to 4 mm long. The longer stamens are winged on both sides. The pods are broadly elliptical and often balding.

Recent studies show that this subdivision is both genetically and morphologically unsustainable and that the "sand subspecies" is a taxonomically worthless variety . This means that the individuals develop differently due to the respective soil properties, without differing genetically. There are actually two subspecies which, however, do not differ in terms of their substrate , but rather in terms of their range. Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum has wider petals and more densely hairy leaves and occurs in southwest Germany, Switzerland and eastern France. This clan is the nominate species because the type specimen of Alyssum montanum L. was accidentally collected in that area. Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii enters u. a. in the rest of Central Europe. The subspecies originated allopatric in Central Europe , outside of this area they have not yet been adequately researched.

Other subspecies outside of Central Europe are:

  • Alyssum montanum subsp. ali-botuschicum Stoj. & Stef. (Syn .: Alyssum montanum subsp. Regis-borisii (Degen & Dren.) Stoj. ): Occurs in Bulgaria.
  • Alyssum montanum subsp. brymii (Dost.) Soó : Occurs in Hungary and Slovakia.
  • Alyssum montanum subsp. collicolum (Rouy & Foucaud) P. Fourn. : Occurs in France.
  • Alyssum montanum subsp. pluscanescens (Jos. Baumgartner) Trpin : occurs in Croatia and Slovenia.
  • Alyssum montanum subsp. serbicum Novák : Occurs in the area of ​​the former Yugoslavia.

Occurrence

Location requirements

The mountain stone herb grows in steppe grassland communities . It prefers warm, dry sand-lime and limestone soils, and more rarely red sandstone rocks. The subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum is a character species of the Seslerio-Festucion association, but also occurs in societies of the Alysso-Sedion association or in those of the Festuco-Brometea class. The subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii is a character species of the association Koelerion glaucae and occurs particularly in the Jurineo-Koelerietum.

General distribution

Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum occurs from Poland via Germany, the Czech Republic, the western Balkans to France. The subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii is a form that is more common in Eastern Europe and occurs from Central Russia, Bulgaria, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic to Austria. In Switzerland you can find the Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum rare and isolated.

Distribution in Germany

The mountain stone herb is in the subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum is found rarely and sporadically in the southwest, in the middle and in the southeast of the area. The sand stone herb ( Alyssum montanum subsp. Gmelinii ) occurs very rarely in the Main and Rhine areas. ( see: Mainzer Sand )

Distribution in Austria

In Austria, Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum dispersed in the Pannonian region , otherwise rarely found. The occurrences extend to the federal states of Lower Austria , Burgenland , Styria and Carinthia as well as inconsistently to Tyrol . This subspecies is considered endangered in Austria.

The subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii occurs very rarely in the Pannonian region of Lower Austria and is threatened with extinction.

ecology

The subspecies Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum is a crevice root and roots up to 90 centimeters deep.

Others

The two subspecies can not always be clearly distinguished from one another morphologically . In more recent times is for Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii has a different chromosome number (2n = 32) than for the Alyssum montanum subsp. montanum (2n = 16) specified.

Species protection

Both subspecies are specially protected in Germany according to BArtSchV . Alyssum montanum subsp. gmelinii is endangered (category 2).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Španiel, S., Marhold, K., Thiv, M. and Zozomová-Lihová, J. (2012): A new circumscription of Alyssum montanum ssp. montanum and A. montanum ssp. gmelinii (Brassicaceae) in Central Europe: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 169: 378-402. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2012.01225.x
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Karol Marhold: Brassicaceae . Alyssum montanum . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  3. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  454-455 .
  4. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 645 .

literature

Web links

Commons : Mountain Steinkraut ( Alyssum montanum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files