Sch (trigraph)
The letter combination < sch > is in German a Trigraph that for a voiceless postalveolar spirants (also fricative, fricative or sibilant called) is used in phonetics with [ ʃ ] is playing.
The trigraph has its origin in a sound change that took place at the beginning of Middle High German . In Old High German one still wrote and spoke ‹ sc › [ sk ], two sounds that later contracted. . Example: ahd scouuôn, mhd. Schouwen, today look; ahd. scrîban, mhd. to write , to write today . It is unclear when this combination to the present volume [ ʃ ] has developed, because it is believed that they tend [originally sx ] was pronounced; this pronunciation is still present in Westphalian . (The sound [ x ] , the pronunciation of < ch > in thing is, we explains the combination s ch .)
The finger alphabet for the deaf or hard of hearing represents the letter combination Sch , with the flat hand pointing away from the body and all fingers spread.
What is certain is that the change at the beginning of Early New High German was already complete and ' sch' was used to indicate a single sound. This can be because determine that another sound change has occurred here: the phoneme / s / was henceforth in some places than [ ʃ ] realized and now they accept as Trigraph < sch used> to this debate show. Example: mhd. Slinge, today sling; mhd. ars, today ass. Only in the initial sound of ‹ st ›and‹ sp ›was the old spelling retained (stone, spider), which reflects the pronunciation in the Hanoverian area, which has now largely been lost. In the northern German dialects <is sch > in these places still considered [ s ] spoken in southern Germany on the other hand / s / also at places other than [ ʃ ] (sausage [ vʊʁʃt ]).
English
In Middle English the trigraph was used in the same function until the end of the 15th century, but then increasingly replaced by the simplified form ‹ sh ›; in Scottish it was used until the 17th century. Today the trigraph ‹ sch › occurs there with the same pronunciation only in the British pronunciation of the word schedule (“schedule, table”) as well as in German loan words such as schnapps and proper names of German origin (e.g. Schaumburg (in Illinois) ). Besides, ‹ sch › is mostly pronounced as [ sk ], as is the case with the American pronunciation of schedule or in school (“school”).
In addition to schedule , there is another exception, the Trigraph in may schism ( " schism ") as an alternative to [ sk also] just as voiceless s ( [ s ] are spoken).
In words where an ‹ s › at the end of the syllable and a digraph ‹ ch › at the beginning of the following syllable (-s + ch-), the pronunciation is either [ s'k ], such as B. in eschew ("avoid"), or [ s'ʧ ], as in discharge . Here <is sch > therefore not a sound or combination of sounds, but the grapheme < s > is unchanged as [ s ] articulated the following digraph < ch > is also as usual expressed in one of its two standard pronunciations.
[ʃ] in other languages
In the Hungarian was for the sound [ ʃ ] initially on the German model < sch today only simple <use>, s >. Spelling in Hungarian is only preserved in proper names. For this, the German s is written as sz, for example in Szeged .
Above all Western European languages, but also Polish, set the volume [ ʃ ] , which was unknown in Latin and therefore for which there is no separate character in the Roman 22-letter alphabet, as di- or Trigraph is, For example, English as ‹ sh ›, Swedish and Norwegian as ‹ sk › (at the beginning of the trunk before light vowels), Italian as ‹ sc › (before / e / and / i /), French as ‹ ch ›, Polish as ‹ sz ›. Historically, it is not originally a spelling for the postalveolar sibilant, but a change in pronunciation: Older pronunciation in German, Italian and the North Germanic languages was aspirated or non-aspirated [ sk ] or [ ʃk ], which in the languages mentioned was partly just before , certain other sounds with loss of [ k ] to [ ʃ ] was. In Latin writings of many languages [ ʃ ] by a < s play> with diacritical characters, such as < š >, < þ > and < þ >; other scripts use different digraphs or even single letters, such as the ‹ x ›. In the Cyrillic alphabet there is a separate letter for the sound with the ‹ Ш › just like in the Arabic alphabet with theش.
From Trigraphs < sch > for the sound [ ʃ ] to distinguish the letter combination sch, which occurs by the random collision of auslautendem -s and anlautendem ch for composite or inflected words such. As in the words Sleeping Beauty (Sleeping Beauty =) bit (= bit), cancer chemotherapy (= cancer chemotherapy) - or in English the above-mentioned discharge (charge = prefix dis- and verb) and eschew (= no more productive prefix es- and verb chew) with the pronunciation [ stʃ ], or in school with the pronunciation [ sk ].
Others
The trigraph ‹ sch › is not encoded as an independent character in Unicode . In Fraktur the trigraph ‹ sch › is set with the long s (ſ) and the ch ligature. In the blocking clause there is therefore a blocking after the ſ but not after the c. If the three letters come together through word composition, however, the final s is set so that confusion with the trigraph is impossible.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Johann Christian August Heyse , Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse : Theoretical-practical German grammar. 1st volume, 5th edition, Verlag der Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung, Hanover 1838, pp. 169–171