Schieringer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Schieringer ( Dutch Schieringers ) were a "party" (not in the modern sense of the word, but in the sense of a political grouping, a "party") in the western Friesland including the city of Groningen , from the 14th to the early 16th century existed and had a decisive influence on the history of Friesland during this time.

Surname

There are more than half a dozen theories about the origin of the name. The Winkler Prins encyclopedia traces the name Schieringers back to the “Schieren Monniken” (cf. Schiermonnikoog ), the so-called “gray monks” ( Cistercians ) because of their gray habit . The Schieringer were temporarily supported by the Cistercians.

Schieringer and Vetkoper

The story of the Schieringer is the story of their 200-year power struggle with the opposing party, the Vetkopers ( Dutch Vetkopers ), which means "fat buyers", which is partly interpreted as dealers with fat cattle, partly as rich families who buy fat meat could. The Vetkoper were at times supported by the Premonstratensians who competed with the Cistercians .

The purpose of the amalgamation of influential families to form the two alliances of the Schieringer and the Vetkoper was - similar to the case of the Cod Group and the Hook Group in the neighboring county of Holland - to provide mutual support in the distribution of offices and in maintaining power. Their place of residence had a certain influence on which of the two camps a family belonged to. The Schieringer found their supporters mainly in the west of Friesland west of the Lauwers (Westergo), the Vetkoper mostly in the east of Friesland east of the Lauwers (Oostergo), later also called "Klein-Friesland" or " Ommelande ". But there were also numerous Schieringer in eastern Friesland and numerous Vetkoper in western. The statement to be read in the older historiography that the Schieringers were the “democratic” party of the “little people” who opposed the nobility's striving for power may apply to the city of Groningen, but does not correspond to the more complex picture that emerges from the Sources results. In essence, it was a power struggle between two camps within the same social class.

Changes of party and changing coalitions were not uncommon. The rivalry between Schieringern and Vetkopern lived again and again as a result of the rivalries between the Frisian cities (in particular Groningen, Dokkum , Leeuwarden and Franeker ) and, conversely, heated them up. Conflicts between Friesland and Holland or between Friesland and the Reich also had an impact on the conflicts between Schieringern and Vetkopern. Both the Schieringer and the Vetkoper repeatedly called on foreign allies for help, thereby endangering Frisian freedom . Because one of the cornerstones of Frisian freedom was the principle to keep non-Frisian powers out of Friesland.

History of the conflict

The fight between Schieringern and Vetkopers possibly began in the 1330s in connection with disputes between the Cistercian monastery Bloemkamp and the Ludingakerk monastery (also spelled "Ludingakerke") of the Augustinian canons not far from Harlingen .

The conflicts between Schieringern and Vetkopern in the Great Frisian War (1413–1422) reached a first climax . This broke out when the chief Keno II. Tom Brok drove his adversary Hisko Abdena , a member of the Schieringer partisans, from Emden in 1413 . In return, the slider Ringer destroyed sluices in Rheiderland . The Schieringers turned to King Sigismund for help in 1416 and to Duke Johann III in 1418 . of Bavaria , who was also Count of Holland. The war ended with the Peace of Groningen in 1422 , without the tension between Schieringern and Vetkopern having been permanently resolved.

An embassy from Schieringer asked Duke Albrecht the Courageous in March 1498 in Medemblik for help and offered him the position of governor. History painting in the Albrechtsburg in Meißen by Julius Scholtz (1877). In the Latin caption of the mural (not shown here) it says that a submission of "Ostergoa" is necessary. Last but not least, this meant the Vetkoper.

The last armed conflict between Schieringern and Vetkopern occurred at the end of the 15th century / beginning of the 16th century. The occasion was the "Frisian uprising", the power struggle between Albrecht the Courageous , the Duke of Saxony, who had been appointed heir of Friesland by Emperor Maximilian , and his son Heinrich the Pious on the one hand and the majority of the Frisian chiefs on the other, who refused to recognize the inheritance. The Schieringers sided with Albrecht and Heinrich as well as the Habsburgs in order to gain the upper hand over the Vetkoper with their help. Eventually the Frisians had to submit.

With the end of the Frisian Freedom, the centuries-long struggle between the Schieringer and the Vetkoper for supremacy in Friesland ended.

literature

  • Hobbe Baerdt van Sminia: Geschiedenis van de onlusten tusschen de Schieringers en de Vetkoopers in Vriesland . Brouwer, Leeuwarden 1827.
  • Dettmar Coldewey: Frisia orientalis . Lohse-Eissing-Verlag, Wilhelmshaven, 2nd edition 1974, ISBN 3-920602-13-7 , pp. 170–171 (article Vetkoper and Schieringer ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Wachsmuth : History of the political parties of old and new times . Vol. 2: History of the political parties in the Middle Ages . Braunschweig 1854, pp. 306-309.
  2. ↑ See the list in Art. Schieringers en Vetkopers . In: De Navorscher: Een middel tot gedachtenwisseling en letterkundig verkeer tuschen to all who weten, iets te v credit hebben of iets kunnen oplossen , vol. 4 (1854), p. 101 ( digitized version of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) and its continuation, p. 378–379 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library).
  3. ↑ Winkler Prins' Geïllustreerde Encyclopaedie , 4th edition, vol. 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1922, p. 33.
  4. ^ Iets over de twisten der Schieringers en Vetkoopers . In: Groninger volks-almanak , Jg. 1 (1840), pp. 56–75, here p. 56.
  5. ↑ Nicolas de Roever: Het leven van onze voorouders . 2nd edition, continued and revised by Gualtherus Jacob Dozy. Vol. 2. van Holkema & Warender, Amsterdam 1913, pp. 29-30.
  6. ↑ Nicolas de Roever: Het leven van onze voorouders . 2nd edition, Vol. 2. van Holkema & Warender, Amsterdam 1913, p. 30.
  7. ↑ André Koller: agonality and cooperation. Leadership groups in the north-west of the empire 1250–1550 . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8353-1587-7 , p. 327.
  8. ↑ Jancko Douwama (1482-1533): Boeck of the parties . In: Jancko Douwama's written . Brandenburgh, Workum 1830, p. 59.
  9. ↑ Ragnar Richardus Post: Kerkgeschiedenis van Nederland in de Middeleeuwen . Spectrum, Utrecht and Antwerp 1957, vol. 2, p. 100.
  10. ↑ André Koller: agonality and cooperation. Leadership groups in the north-west of the empire 1250–1550 . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2015, p. 331.
  11. ↑ André Koller: agonality and cooperation. Leadership groups in the north-west of the empire 1250–1550 . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2015, p. 332.
  12. ↑ André Koller: agonality and cooperation. Leadership groups in the north-west of the empire 1250–1550 . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2015, p. 333.
  13. ↑ Angelika Lasius: Wall paintings of the Albrechtsburg Meissen. History pictures from the 19th century . Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 2000, p. 87 and p. 120.
  14. ↑ Paul Baks: Albrecht the courageous as a hereditary governor and potentate of Friesland. Motives and course of his Frisian "adventure". In: André Thieme (ed.): Duke Albrecht der Beherzte (1443–1500). A Saxon prince in the empire and in Europe . Böhlau, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-412-03501-7 , pp. 103-141.