Pöllan Castle

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Pöllan Palace south side (2011)

Schloss Pöllan is an unfinished farm in Pöllan , south of Paternion in the Austrian district of Villach-Land in Carinthia , at the foot of the Gailtal Alps .

The castle, which is not open to the public, is 629 m above sea level and is around two kilometers from the Tauern Autobahn and three kilometers from Drautal Straße (B 100). The castle is a unique example of the construction methods and techniques at the end of the 16th century . Even the scaffolding holes can still be seen. The building remained unfinished due to the turmoil of the Counter Reformation .

architecture

East Side

The building is almost square, two-storey and has an attic storey . Two of the four strong, hexagonal corner towers have been expanded. Up until 1897 there was a Renaissance double window above the round arched portal made of red and brown stone, which is now walled in above a portal of Paternion Castle. The third floor never reached its full height and some of the corner towers are unfinished. Little is known about the interior design. In the lower vestibule, traces of smoke on the vault testify to its use as a work space ( smoke kitchen ). The associated agriculture, large parts of the adjacent Marswiese belonged to it, was run as a Meierhof until the late 19th century . The tenant family included the Staber family. After the Second World War, apartments were set up for forest workers from the Count's Foscari Widmann Rezzonico Forest Directorate. In 2008, adaptation work for residential purposes and a dendrochronological examination of the farm building began. The castle and barn are under monument protection.

The building site is on the edge of the terrain sloping down on two sides. It is probably a very old settlement area. The Hallstatt burial mounds around Pöllan have hardly been explored. Not far from the castle at Tragin-Pöllan on the Weißenbach, the outflow of the Weißensee , there was a gold soap d. H. Enrichments of gold dust and grains. It is assumed that an earlier residence from the 14th century stood on the site. The place name Pöllan is derived from the Slovenian Poljána , which means something like 'those in the lowlands'.

Ownership history

East Side
East and north sides

There is little evidence of the early owners of the noble court, which belonged to the county of Ortenburg . In the oldest document about the mining operation in the Rubland mining area from 1362, the Burgrave of Ortenburg, Peter Anderl von Kellerberg, among others, awarded Niklas Frank von Pollan a lead mine on the Kellerberg. In 1473, in a feudal letter from a Freiherr zu Kreig, a Valentin Frannnkhen von Pellan is named, who was enfeoffed with a farm located on the Alwern and a desolate hatch at Fewstritz. In 1491 there was again a lending with the mentioned goods.

Jakob Frankh von Pöllan and his wife sold their property on April 4, 1598 to Christoph Haidenreich, who began around 1600 with the construction of the quarry stone building with a hip roof, which is still unplastered today. Haidenreich was the caretaker (administrator) of the Paternion rule . The purchase contract of Franz Balthasar Eschey von Rotenthurn, to whom Haidenreich was related, was also sealed. The Carinthian branch of the Heydenreichs came from Großwaltersdorf near Freiberg in Saxony in the Ore Mountains . Christoph Haidenreich was a member of the Carinthian provincial estates from 1601 at the latest. In 1593 he was appointed carer of the Freyherrschaft Paternion and before that he was the successor of Mathes Heidenreich Khevenhüllerscher carer at Sommeregg Castle . Kristoph's father could be Georg Haidenreich, a citizen of Villach, whose monogram from 1571 shows a "pagan man". His grandfather was probably Christoph Haidenreich, born around 1480, son of the hereditary judge Georg Heydenreich in Großwaltersdorf. Some of the leading theologians of the Reformation come from the Großwaltersdorfern family, which goes back to the hereditary judge Hannss Heydenreich, who was born around 1330 . Caspar Heydenreich (born 1516 in Freiberg) is said to have "found himself at Luther's table in Wittenberg in 1540 ". He was a signatory of the Augsburg Confession . Magister Laurentius Heydenreich (1480–1552) led the Reformation in neighboring Lausitz.

In his 23-year role as a nurse, Christoph von Haidenreich decidedly supported the Reformation. As one of the leading Protestants in the Drau Valley , he prevented all attempts at the Counter Reformation, but ultimately fell victim to it. From 1603 he was involved in frequent conflicts with the inner-Austrian government, as he protected the evangelical preacher from Paternion, stood up for Protestant farmers or in 1605 founded the first evangelical school in Paternion. In 1616 he was asked to leave the country after many years of intrigues by the Catholic clergy, especially the Abbot von Arnoldstein . His position was weakened because in 1613 his Protestant patron, Count Barthelmä Khevenhüller, died. Haidenreich was forced to sell Pöllan Castle and all of its property to the Khevenhüller heirs. In 1629 Christianus Haidenreich zu Pöllan appears as a Carinthian exile in the manuscripts of the city of Nuremberg . His expelled sons Christian and Franz Balthasar were also there. Franz Balthasar (born 1596) established a Heydenreich Foundation there in 1660 for the benefit of “100 poor men, they are citizens or not”.

Due to the forced sale, the "Gschlößl" came into the possession of Moritz Christoph Khevenhüller in 1616 . When Emperor Ferdinand II abolished the religious freedom of the Protestant nobility, the Protestant Khevenhüller were also forced to give up their Carinthian estates and to emigrate to Germany from 1628. In 1629 Pöllan Castle had to be sold together with the Paternion rulers and came into the ownership of Hans Widmann. The Widmann family was raised to the rank of count ("Counts of Ortenburg") in 1640. When the male line of Count Widmann-Rezzonico died out in 1878, the property passed into the family of Count Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico.

Life at the Meierhof

North elevation
The former stable and barn

The old records of the Paternion rulership archives show that the work for servants on the Schlossmayrschaft Pöllan was more attractive than for the farmers in the surrounding area. According to the service regulations of 1752, the lid wage (annual cash payment) for prostitutes was 6  guilders  (florins) plus a ley purchase of 34  kreuzers . Servants received between 9 and 12 guilders, the first Rossknecht and Mayrknecht received 15 guilders. Clothing was usually also part of the remuneration. The annual meal costs per person were 36 fl. 40 kr.

literature

Web links

Commons : Schloss Pöllan  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 46 ° 42 '  N , 13 ° 38'  E

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Institute for Austrian Art Research (ed.): Austrian Journal for Art and Monument Preservation, Volume 62. Verlag A. Schroll, 2008. Google Books
  2. ^ Carinthia - immovable and archaeological monuments under monument protection. ( Memento from October 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF), ( CSV ( Memento from September 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive )). Federal Monuments Office , as of June 7, 2017.
  3. ^ Karl Strobel: The Noreia question. New aspects and reflections on an old problem of the historical geography of Carinthia. In: History Association for Carinthia : Carinthia I . Journal for historical regional studies of Carinthia. 193rd year. 2003, pp. 25–71, here p. 61.
  4. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer : Place name book of Carinthia . Part II, 1958, p. 38
  5. ^ Hermann Wießner: 'History of the Carinthian mining industry. Part II. History of the Carinthian non-ferrous metal mining with a special focus on lead and zinc mining. Archives for patriotic history and topography - 36./37. Tape. Klagenfurt, 1951, p. 158
  6. ↑ Bernhard Czerwenka: The Khevenhüller. History of sex. With special reference to the 17th century. According to archival sources. Vienna, 1867. Google Books
  7. ↑ Heydenreich, Gschlößl , p. 303.
  8. ↑ Heydenreich, Gschlößl , p. 305.
  9. ↑ Werner Wilhelm Schnabel: 'The manuscripts of the Nuremberg City Library. Part 1. The family books of the 16th and 17th centuries. ' Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995. Google Books
  10. ↑ Forstner, 450 Years of Paternion , pp. 78–80.