Reign paternion
The rule Paternion also Freyherrschaft Paternian or district court Paternion was a historical territory in Paternion in the district of Villach-Land in Carinthia , from which the Paternion estate emerged in 1848. From the 17th century onwards, Paternion was a preferred supplier of wood to the Venetian Republic and its fleet.
Today the estate is one of the largest Austrian forest operations (8,800 ha ); it is located in the northeastern Gailtal Alps and extends from the western outskirts of Villach to the shores of the Weißensee . The seat of rule is the Paternion Castle . Owners are Foscari- Widmann-Rezzonico, a family that belonged to the patriciate of Venice and who married in at the end of the 19th century to the local inheritance of the Count Widmann-Rezzonico. All titles of nobility in Austria have been abolished since 1918.
Today's extent of the Paternion estate
The “ peasant liberation ” in the course of the revolution of 1848/49 in the Austrian Empire did not bring about any revolutionary changes. All three castles, Paternion , Pöllan and Kreuzen , extensive forests and a very large woodworking company remained in the family, which has determined the fate of the area since 1629. In the population one still speaks of the "rule" when the descendants of the feudal authorities are meant. The former dominion is almost congruent with the municipality of Paternion and Stockenboi . The forests of the Paternion estate still cover 8,800 hectares, of which around 68% are commercial forests and 24% are protective forests . Spruce trees dominate the economic tree population (62%), followed by larches (17%) and beeches (9%) and pines (8%). Over 90% of the forest area is in the medium (800–1100 m) and high-montane (1100–1400 m) level, which is accessible through 350 km of forest roads. 15% of the wood harvest can be brought in with a tractor or fully mechanically, 10% require manual delivery and 75% of the wood quantity is transported by cable car.
history
The many place names of Slavic origin such as Stoggewói , Pöllan or Tragin date from the Carantan period from the 7th century . Around the year 1000 the area belonged to the Lurngau , from which the County of Ortenburg became independent from 1135 . In 1518 the offices (smaller administrative units) Feistritz and Stockenboi, which previously belonged to the Ortenburg district court, were combined by the Habsburgs to form the "Paternian" rule through a purchase by the Barons von Dietrichstein. In 1519 the lordship received the privilege of mining law and was no longer subject to the Oberbergrichter of Carinthia. It was first explicitly mentioned as a rulership from 1523. In 1530 Paternion became a manorial market , which significantly upgraded the manor's seat. In 1592 the Töplitsch office was added. In 1655 the rulers were granted the privilege of the blood spell , with which all legal cases up to those with the death penalty could be tried on the spot. Paternion thus became a district court with its own executioner, district judge and clerk, all completely dependent on the local ruler. The reigning prince only came into play with appointments.
| Possessors | from ... to | Years |
|---|---|---|
| Counts of Sternberg , afterwards Ortenburg and sovereign princes in Carinthia (former) | 991-1269 | 278 |
| Count of Sternberg et. Ortenburg | 1269-1362 | 93 |
| Count of Cilli | 1362-1454 | 92 |
|
Friedrich III. and Maximillian I Roman Emperor of Habsburg ,
Prince of Carinthia and Archduke of Austria . |
1454-1517 | 63 |
|
The Viertaler, afterwards from Aichelburg, are several years
Holder of the Stockenboy office as a deposit. |
||
| The von Feistritz have held the Feistritz office on pledge for several years . | ||
| Barons von Dietrichstein (first year on deposit) | 1517-1586 | 68 |
| Salomon Zeidler from (from) Bautzen | 1586-1587 | 1 |
| Baron von Khevenhüller , in pledge | 1587-1592 | 5 |
| Baron von Khevenhüller, purchase, also from Amt Töplitsch | 1592-1629 | 37 |
|
Hanns Paul / Giovanni Paolo I von Widmann,
Freyherr on Sommeregg , bought |
1629-1634 | 5 |
|
Martin / Martino II von Widmann From 1640 Count of Ortenburg,
Freyherrn von Sommeregg and St. Paternion |
1634-1672 | 38 |
| Ludwig / Lodovico the I. von Widmann (brother of Martino) | 1672-1674 | 2 |
| Franz / Francesco von Widmann (son of Giovanni Paolo I) | 1674-1675 | 1 |
|
Johann II von Widmann (son of Giovanni Paolo I,
ran the business in Venice) |
1675-1676 | 2 |
| Ludwig / Lodovico II of Widmann (son of Giovanni Paolo I) | 1676-1691 | 15th |
| Johann Paul / Giovanni Paolo von Widmann, Francesco's son | 1691-1714 | 23 |
|
Anton / Antonio von Widmann, abbot and provost,
Clericho of the Chamber, Perugia and Mazarolla, also Francesco's son |
1714-1738 | 24 |
| Johann / Giovanni the III. by Widmann (son of Lodovico II) | 1738-1740 | 2 |
| Johann / Giovanni IV. Von Widmann | 1740-1746 | 6th |
| Ludwig / Lodovico the III. from Widmann | 1746-1764 | 18th |
| Johann / Giovanni the V. von Widmann of Ludwig's son | 1764-1805 | 41 |
|
Ludwig / Lodovico Maria Gaspare von Widmann fell while retreating from Moscow. From 1811 Count Widmann-Rezzonico. |
1805-1813 | 8th |
| Johann / Giovanni Abondo by Widmann-Rezzonico | 1813-1878 | 65 |
|
Elisabetha von Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico, married. with Count Foscari.
From 1896 Count Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico. |
1878-1945 | 67 |
| Paul, Ludwig, Adriano, Ferrigo and Giuliano Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico | since 1945 |
| Name of the caretaker / administrator | Years | chosen in year |
|---|---|---|
| Hans Ampfinger, the former | 16 | 1517 |
| Kristoph Freyberger | 17th | 1533 |
| Hans Ampfinger, younger | 5 | 1550 |
| Hans Russ | 13 | 1555 |
| Vincent Otto von Poyhkhon | 14th | 1568 |
| Hans Bernardin von Bernthurn | 1 | 1582 |
| Salomon Zeidler from Bautzen | 7th | 1583 |
| Hans Halfinger | 3 | 1590 |
| Kristoph Heidenreich | 24 | 1593 |
| Kristoph Schneeweiss from Arnoldstein | 3 | 1617 |
| Jakob Zennegg, younger | 10 | 1620 |
| Peter Maadt | 2 | 1630 |
| Kristoph Gläntschnig | 8th | 1632 |
| Augustin Ferini, also captain of the county of Ortenburg | 7th | 1640 |
| Bernhard Himmelberger | 28 | 1647 |
| Martin Sigl | 3 | 1675 |
| Ferdinand Himmelberger on Sagritz | 6th | 1678 |
| Kristian Leitner from Leitenau | 21st | 1684 |
| Hans Sigmund of Canal | 5 | 1705 |
|
Johann Heinrich Ainether from and to Aineth of St. Rom. Rich knight, Urbar's grandson, Thomas's son, both vested Count Widmannische Landrichter of the dominion area of Afritz. |
23 | 1710 |
| Matthias Ferdinand of Aineth | 9 | 1733 |
| Franz Michael from and to Aineth | 31 | 1742 |
|
Josef Ignaz Fuchs, carer, bailiff administrator, hammer mill director, mountain court administrator, from 1802 until his death on January 4th 1788 owner of the lease. |
41 | 1.10.1773 |
| Anton Ignaz Fuchs | 3 | 1814 |
| Anton Karl Movole, is mentioned twice in 1810 as caretaker administrator | ||
| Josef Janschitz, named 1819, 1829 a. October 15, 1845 | ||
| HL Gstyrner, head administrator and mining sequester | 21st | 1848 |
| Mdt. Pizze, without ranking, representative of the government | 12 | 1869 |
| Josef Götz, estate manager, named from 1881 handed over on November 20, 1886 | 5 | 1881 |
| Robert Zdarek, estate manager | 17th | 1886 |
| Hermann von Schludermann Ing. Forstrat hc | 4th | 1890 |
| Walter Brabeck, Dipl. Ing. Forest Director | 38 | 1928 |
| Gustav Forstner-Billau, Forest Director | 28 | 1956 |
| Manfred Schantl, Chief Forester, Dipl.-Ing. | 12 | 1968 |
| Richard Borowan, Chief Forester, Dipl.-Ing. | 34 | 2002 |
| Dipl. Ing. Martin Straubinger | since 2002 |
In 1599 Bartholomäus (Bartlmä) Khevenhüller acquired the rule of Paternion. He died in 1613. The heir Hans VI. Khevenhüller, son of Barthlme Khevenhüller's third marriage, had to leave Carinthia in 1629 for reasons of faith and sell the rulership. As a result, the Venetian merchant Hans Widmann, who came from Villach, bought the castle and the estate, which is still owned by his descendants, the Foscari-Widmann-Rezzonico.
In the early 18th century, the rule of St. Paternion was a stronghold of underground Protestantism. After religious unrest in Salzburg , more and more people openly professed the Lutheran faith, and alternative services were held in unsupervised churches (such as in Feistritz an der Drau ). The rulers then took massive action against "heresy". Confessing Protestants ended up in prison, were forcibly recruited and finally deported: between 1734 and 1736 a total of around 100 people were brought to Transylvania in five transports accompanied by the military . The deportations triggered a wave of refugees among the Protestants who had stayed behind. Despite the counter-reformation measures of the 17th and 18th centuries, many Protestant residents of Paternion remained true to their faith, so that the community of Paternion still has a comparatively high proportion of residents of Protestant faith with around 30%.
The district court of Paternion, almost congruent with the rulership, was bordered in the northeast by the river Drau, in the area between Spittal an der Drau and Villach, since the 17th century. The southern border runs along the Tschekelkofel and Bleiberg line , the western border at the level of the eastern bank of the Weißensee near Mösel and in the north near the Staff. The 22 localities concentrate on the northeastern part, especially in the Drautal. The large towns of Paternion and Feistritz, as well as Mautbrücke, Kamering, Aifersdorf, Pattendorf, Nikelsdorf, Duel, Pöllan, Pogöriach, Pobersach, Feffernitz, Kellerberg, Stadelbach and Töplitsch are located here. Higher and in the Stockenboi Graben are Stockenboi, Gassen, Unteralm, Egg, Hochegg, Hollernach, Ziebl, Unterberg, Zlan, Wiederschwing, Hammergraben, Tragail, Alberden, Liesing, Ried, Scharnitzen, Aichach, Tragin, Rubland, Unterstberg, Drussnitz and Ebenwald. Far back in the Gailtal Alps lies Kreuzen, Weißenbach and Mösel.
Profit instead of protection and shield
The wealth of the Paternion dominion used to be in the mining industry. Since it became unprofitable, it has been wood. The rule is a prime example of the replacement of the medieval economy for personal needs by a bourgeois-urban capitalism geared towards high profits. The change from rulership to commercial enterprise was very successful here, as the rulership was very homogeneous (85.5% direct ownership), the jurisdiction allowed optimal access to the subjects, mining is an export-oriented sector and trade in the manorial market is free from sovereigns or church influence. From the beginning, Paternion was always a “branch” of the “empires”, first the Dietrichsteiner, then the Khevenhüller and later the Widmanns.
The end of the concept of protection and protection is particularly evident in the acquisition of rule by the merchant Hanns Widmann in 1629, who replaced one of the oldest and most important Carinthian noble families of the Khevenhüller as an "upstart", which was due to the Protestant faith through the repression of the Catholics were forced to sell. In addition to political considerations, the Villach merchant, who had gotten rich in Venice, also considered a safe investment to protect his fortune from inflation and sovereign desires. The agricultural and peasant pension income was not particularly high, but incomparably more secure. At the beginning of the 18th century, the majority of the income consisted of the transfer of ownership (transfer of ownership tax of approx. 10%) or income from monks, interest and robots of approx. 5,000 guilders annually. The leasing of the Pöllan dairy brought in 125 guilders. The well-preserved "Fireplace Register" from 1721 shows that 500 fireplaces were directly owned by the rulers. You had indirect access to 46 of these, as they belonged to churches over which the rulership had bailiwick rights. Only over 39 (6.7%) of 585 farms with approx. 3,800 inhabitants (beginning of the 18th century) had no direct or indirect control. The foreign property belonged to Rothenthurn and Wasserleonburg in the Gailtal. In the rule of Hollenburg, for example, the ratio of own to third-party ownership was 69%: 31%. Only on a single Hube, a fief and a chaste were there "freemen", peasants who actually owned their land and were independent of the administration. The dominance of the ruler or his administrator, the nursing, was far more evident than in other, more inhomogeneous rulers.
Market Paternion and Burgfried Kellerberg
Within the rule of Paternion there were two areas with a special legal status, the Burgfried Kellerberg and the Markt Paternion. A keep was a territory with lower jurisdiction . The cellars zu Kellerberg received the privilege of Moritz Khevenhüller in 1596, which brought a certain degree of independence and income from court fees. Around 1730 one can assume there were about 20 houses with about 130 residents. St. Paternion received market rights at the Augsburg Reichstag and in 1608 lower jurisdiction (Marktburgfried) as well as the election of judges and councilors, albeit on the condition of a manorial confirmation. A new market judge had to be presented to the caretaker by the magistrate and the entire citizenry in the castle. There were considerable privileges associated with market citizenship. Excluded from the Marktburgfried were the schoolmaster's house and beneficiary's house, the general stores and meat shops as well as the castle as the “man's house” or his representative, the caretaker. The former splendor of the complex, the Tudor-style castle and the town houses, has only been partially recognizable since the fire disaster of 1733, in which 35 houses, 34 barns and the church burned. In terms of area, Paternion was in the middle of the Carinthian rulers. In terms of the number of Huben and Chaste, it was one of the great Carinthian manors .
Working world
In the first half of the 18th century, the rule was predominantly agricultural. The professional differentiation was not yet very advanced. Larger courtyards can e.g. B. have a Tafern- or mill justice. One example is the Ebner Wirt in Kreuzen, which has been owned by the Staber family since 1703. Paul Tschabueschnig sold the Franken-Keusche in Kreuzen Eben with the right to serve beer, brandy and mead to Paul Staber. Keuschler are classic part-time farmers whose main occupation was a craft. The prerequisites for the arable baru in the rulership are very different, because on the one hand there are flat favorable locations in the Drautal, but on the other hand there are also many mountain farms in remote and unproductive regions.
The second most important professional groups were the craftsmen, who concentrated in the five largest towns of Freistritz, Kreuzen, Markt Paternion, Stockenboi and Gassen. In the 1720s, five bakers, two brewers, four cobblers, two furriers, three leather workers, one dyer, one saddler, two blacksmiths, one binder, one salt boiler, two hat makers, three weavers, one bricklayer, three tailors, two appeared Carpenter, a glazier, a locksmith, a bath, a Berber, Lebzelter, butcher, bricklayer, belt worker, wheeler, comb-maker, stoner, shopkeeper and innkeeper. The group of miners and workers in the coal and steel industry is numerically elusive because they do not appear in the fireplace registers. In the sub-peasant classes such as maidservants and servants, around 10-15% of the population is assumed. There is no information about apprentices and journeymen, residents, beggars, vagabonds and criminals.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gräfl. Foscari Widmann Rezzonico Forest Directorate | Forest Directorate | Operation at www.foscari.at , accessed on May 25, 2017
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 31.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 31.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 32 f.
- ^ Gustav Forstner: 450 Years of Paternion. Paternion 1980. Published by the Kärntner Bildungswerk, Herbert Dunkl. here p. 98 f. As well as www.foscari.at
- ^ Forstner: 450 Years of Paternion. P. 99 f.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 196.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 51.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 34 f.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. Pp. 40-45.
- ↑ Alfons Haffner: The maternal ancestors of the inventor of the postcard, Dr. Herrmann. In: Carinthia I . 1984, Volume 174, pp. 413-478, here p. 432.
- ↑ Steiner: Journeys without Return. P. 48 f.
literature
- Gustav Forstner: 450 years of paternion. Published by the Kärntner Bildungswerk, Herbert Dunkl, Paternion 1980.
- Stephan Steiner: Traveling without return. The deportations of Protestants from Carinthia 1734–1736. Oldenbourg, Vienna / Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58077-8 . (= Publications of the Institute for Austrian Historical Research 46)