Schmölln (Upper Lusatia)
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Schmölln / OL
Community of Schmölln-Putzkau
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| Residents : | 1517 (December 31, 2011) |
| Incorporation : | March 1, 1994 |
| Postal code : | 01877 |
| Area code : | 03594 |
 View of Schmölln from the Oberhofberg
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Schmölln in Upper Lusatia (officially: Schmölln / OL , Upper Sorbian Smělna ) is a village and former municipality as well as a current part of the municipality of Schmölln-Putzkau in the Saxon district of Bautzen .
geography
The village is located about four kilometers east of the large district town of Bischofswerda on the northwestern edge of the Lusatian mountainous region at the foot of the 394 meter high Klosterberg . Other mountains around Schmölln, clockwise, are Oberhofberg (341 m), Putzkauer Berg (355 m), Stiebitzberg (370 m), Belmsdorfer Berg (348 m), Lehnberg (344 m) and Ratschken (331 m).
After Tröbigau, Schmölln is the second village on the upper reaches of the Schwarzwasser , which, coming from the east, turns north towards Demitz-Thumitz .
Neighboring places
| Kynitzsch | Demitz-Thumitz | Neuschmölln |
| Bischofswerda |
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Tröbigau |
| Belmsdorf | Nieder putzkau | Oberputzkau |
history
Place name
The name Schmölln is of Slavic origin and is derived from smola , which means something like tar , since the melting of tar was an important branch of the Schmölln family in the early Middle Ages. Thus, the place is etymologically related to German places of the same or similar name, such as the small town of Schmölln in Thuringia , but also, for example, with the Smolny Palace in Saint Petersburg or the western Russian city of Smolensk .
Origin and early history
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The location was probably already settled by the Lausitz culture in the 12th century BC. This is indicated by ceramic finds that were made at the end of the 19th century during mining work at the Grund quarry near what is now the Neue Häuser district .
Today's place Schmölln emerged from a Slavic settlement, which probably existed since the 8th century AD in the north of today's place, around the mill pond . Since the 10th century there has also been a German settlement by Saxons, Thuringians and Franks. This created the somewhat idiosyncratic, still visible settlement form of a forest hoof village typical of German settlements along the Schwarzwassers, which flows northward into a typically Slavic Rundling .
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The first written mention of Schmölln is dated to the year 1300. It took place in a foundation letter from Pope Boniface VIII , with which he gave the then noble fiefdom owners the consent to build a chapel.
In 1580, the Nieder- and Oberschmölln manors and from 1700 the Neuschmölln manor were created from a change of ownership and inheritance. The manor house, which is still preserved today, was built between 1746 and 1750 by the widowed court councilor Mathäi, b. Benade, erected. In 1780 Heinrich Ludwig von Zehmen , a deputy to the Lusatian state parliament, bought the Schmölln manor from her. In 1804 he campaigned for the health of the population and praised a bonus at his own expense, under the patronage of the Electoral Saxon Medical College in Dresden, which was to be paid to the doctor who vaccinated most people against cowpox. Heinrich Ludwig von Zehmen was benevolent, founded a school fund in Schmölln in 1828, enabled school building and the introduction of a new hymn book.
In 1841 Moritz August Wilhelm von Zehmen sold the manor to the pharmacist Carl Eduard Päßler. Päßler had extensive construction work carried out on the Schmöllner Church at his own expense. This was followed by the court actors Gustav Emil Devrient, the Schmatz family and, in 1910, the Berliner Landesbank. The planned demolition after the Second World War was prevented in 1945 and the mansion was used as a residential building. From 1950 it served as a kindergarten, elementary school and library, six years later a local museum was added. The LPG kitchen was set up in the basement.
Further development
Until the 19th century the village was divided into the three manors Niedermölln , Oberschmölln and Neuschmölln as well as some small farms. So the village was mainly agricultural up to this time. With the development of granite mining in the Klosterberg area from 1840 and the construction of a glassworks in 1892, the place gradually transformed into an industrial village. In the course of industrialization, the language change from Sorbian to German accelerated, which in 1880 led to the abolition of Sorbian worship in the Schmöllner church. The last Sorbian pastor in Schmölln was Jan Awgust Sykora , who worked in the village from 1863 to 1899.
After the socialist land reform in 1945, Schmölln was a focus of mechanized large-scale agriculture. Thus, the Kreisbetrieb für Landtechnik (KfL) became one of the largest employers in town. Even today the village is characterized by agriculture, small craft businesses and, to a lesser extent, tourism.
politics
Until 1994 Schmölln was an independent political municipality before it merged with the neighboring communities of Putzkau and Tröbigau to form Schmölln-Putzkau . The last mayor of the community was Wolfhard Venus (CDU), who also held this office in the merged community until 2001.
Coat of arms of Schmölln
Community coat of arms Schmölln-Putzkau
coat of arms
The local coat of arms of Schmölln was designed in 1975 by the local sculptor Manfred Wagner based on a proposal by the local writer Gerhard Rodig. The aim was to present the development history of the village. It consists of the lettering Schmölln / OL and three symbols, which represent the most important branches of business of the Schmölln people in the course of history. At the top left is the pitch burner stove, which describes the Slavic period of the place around 800 AD and explains the origin of the place name. To the right of it is the ear of corn as a symbol of the agriculture that has been practiced in the village for 1000 years. The symbol below stands for the stonemasons and indicates the heyday of this branch in Schmölln in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Two of these symbols, namely that of the stonemasons and the tar furnace, can be found in the official coat of arms of today's municipality of Schmölln-Putzkau.
Culture and sights
museum
On July 1, 1956, the local history museum was opened in the rooms of the castle of the former knight's estate Niederschmölln. From the very beginning, the focus of the exhibition was on the history of the village with a particular focus on the granite industry. It was designed exclusively by students, teachers and parents of the Schmöllner School and was intended to support local history lessons and other subjects for Schmöllner students, but also to introduce visitors and tourists to the place. The museum was expanded several times, in 1962 with a library and in 1975 with the small gallery of the Kulturbund. After the building authorities closed the attic of the manor in 1983, where the museum was located, it was relocated to various locations in the village until 1986. It was only after the Schmölln School closed in 2000 that the Heimatmuseum found a new home in the "new school" during the week of festivities for the 700th anniversary of Schmölln. After the school was finally closed in 2002, the Association of Nature and Home Friends moved into the current museum rooms in the old school building, now the village community center, in two former classrooms.
Buildings
The Schmölln Castle was built in its present baroque form between 1747 and 1750.
church
The foundations of today's Schmölln Church were probably built in the 14th century after it was approved in the Pope's letter of foundation. The church building was significantly expanded in 1692 and received a massive tower in the west. The church received its present form in 1901/02.
In 1551 the Reformation took hold in Schmölln. In this context, the surrounding villages of Demitz, Thumitz and Tröbigau were incorporated into the Schmöllner Parish, which previously all belonged to the Parish of Göda . Demitz-Thumitz has had its own church only since 1956, while the Protestant residents of Tröbigau continue to be parish in Schmölln.
Today the Evangelical Lutheran parishes of Schmölln and Putzkau are connected to Bischofswerda as sister parishes.
Former school and village community center
The first Schmöllner school was opened in 1735. Similar to the church, children from Schmölln, Demitz, Thumitz and Tröbigau were also taught here. In 1845 Demitz-Thumitz got its own school, in 1889 Tröbigau too. The latter was gradually closed between 1960 and 1976 due to declining student numbers.
In 1959 the school became the fourth ten-class polytechnic high school in the Bischofswerda district . In 1976, the Schmöllner School received a modern extension built in the socialist style. The ten-class classes continued until 1992, from then on there was only one elementary school, which was also closed in 2000.
The extension was later completely demolished, while the old building was given a new function as a village community center. Today the building houses the municipal administration of Schmölln-Putzkau and the local history museum.
Sports and leisure facilities
For sports activities there is a sports field, a gym and an outdoor pool in Schmölln.
outdoor pool
The Schmöllner outdoor pool is the most important leisure facility for residents and visitors. It was opened for the first time in 1928 and has since been reconstructed and expanded three times. Due to the financial situation of the municipality of Schmölln-Putzkau, the continued existence of the Schmöllner Bad has often been a controversial issue in the municipal council and residents since the unified municipality was founded. Above all, thanks to donations and voluntary work by numerous Schmöllner citizens, but also from all other parts of the community, the closure of the pool has been averted to this day.
Club life
Schmölln has a lively club life; In addition to the volunteer fire brigade and the SV Schmölln sports club , there is also the Heimatverein , which emerged from the Kulturbund that existed in GDR times and has made a name for itself over the past few decades in researching and coming to terms with local history, which includes many information boards with historical and other information Local history information about Schmölln becomes visible.
Transport and infrastructure
Since 1879 Schmölln has had a stop on the Dresden-Zittau railway line . Since its inauguration, the station has been a center for shipping the granite stones quarried in this area. For this reason, the loading ramp was expanded to 180 meters in length in 1927/28, making it one of the largest in Saxony.
There are regular bus connections from Schmölln to Bischofswerda and the district town of Bautzen .
The most important road traffic artery is the state road S 155 , which leads from Putzkau via Schmölln and Demitz-Thumitz to federal road 6 in Wölkau. The A4 motorway can be reached via the Burkau or Uhyst a. T. to reach, which are each about 10 kilometers north of the village.
The closest international airport, Dresden, is around 40 kilometers away.
literature
- Lausitzer Bergland around Pulsnitz and Bischofswerda (= values of our homeland . Volume 40). 1st edition. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1983.
- Gerhard Rodig: Welcome to Schmölln in Upper Lusatia , information brochure of the local history museum Schmölln / OL, 2001
- Cornelius Gurlitt : Schmölln. In: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony. 32nd issue: Bautzen Official Authority (Part II) . CC Meinhold, Dresden 1908, p. 279.
- Hanns-Moritz von Zehmen: Genealogical news about the Meissen nobility of Zehmen, 1206 to 1906. Wilhelm Baensch, Dresden 1906
- GA Poenicke (ed.): Album of the manors and castles in the kingdom of Saxony. Re-recorded after nature by F. Heise, Architect. III. Section: Margraviate Upper Lusatia. Leipzig 1860, Rittergut Schmölln, pp. 127–128
Individual evidence
- ↑ Müller's Large German Local Book 2012: Complete local dictionary. 33. revised and exp. Ed., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-027420-2 , online at Google Books , p. 1238
- ↑ Kaiserlich privilegirter Reichs-Anzeiger , Volume 1804, Issue 2, advertisement of October 27, 1804, Health Science, Cowpox Vaccination, p. 3822
- ^ Friedrich August Schmidt: New Nekrolog der Deutschen, No. 16., Heinrich Ludwig von Zehmen. Printing and publishing house Bernh. Ms. Voigt, Ilmenau 1834, p. 35
- ^ Frido Mětšk: German-Sorbian language border of the 16th century. In: Lětopis B / 7 (1960), Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 1960, p. 106
- ↑ Ludmila Mětškowa: Sykora, Jan Awgust. In: Nowy biografiski słownik k stawiznam a kulturje Serbow. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 1984, p. 527f.
Web links
- Schmölln / OL in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- Information on the Schmölln manor
- Friends of Schmölln Castle e. V.
- Information about Heinrich Ludwig von Zehmen