Small jewelry clamps

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Small jewelry clamps
Jewelery small spanners (Scopula ornata)

Jewelery small spanners ( Scopula ornata )

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Spanner (Geometridae)
Subfamily : Sterrhinae
Tribe : Scopulini
Genre : Scopula
Type : Small jewelry clamps
Scientific name
Scopula ornata
( Scopoli , 1763)

The small jewelry spanner ( Scopula ornata ), also known as the White Dost small spanner or simply jewelry spanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the Spanner family (Geometridae).

features

The moths reach a wingspan of 20 to 26 mm (21 to 24 mm). The moths of the 2nd generation are on average somewhat smaller, often only with a wingspan of 18 mm. The basic color of the wings is light white. The inner transverse line is divided into two to four spots. The middle shadow is only indistinctly developed or completely absent. The outer transverse line, on the other hand, is always formed on the fore and hind wings, serrated and bordered by two elongated, large light to dark brown spots in the tornus and between the radials of the wings. The proximal spots often have dark brown or blackish brown margins, or the outer transverse line in the area of ​​the spots is drawn darker. The areas of the outer transverse line between the two brown spots and the Kostal and inner edge are usually drawn darker than the basic color, mostly in gray tones of different intensity. On the forewing, black elongated spots are often formed at the places where the inner transverse line, central shadow and outer transverse line meet the costal margin. The fore wing apex is kept in the basic color, but occasionally a light brownish tint can also be seen in this area. The rest of the border area has a gray wavy line, which is often a little darker at the level of the brown spots on the outer transverse line. The thin hemline is reinforced at points on the wing veins. The fringes are whitish to light gray, often piebald. The discal spots are usually absent on the forewings, but are almost always developed on the hind wings. The outer edge of the rear wing is curved slightly concave between the wing veins M1 to M3. Contrasting, clearly drawn specimens are favored by cold, moist conditions during the pupal stage, while high temperatures in dry conditions tend to result in whitish specimens that are not very clearly drawn.

The egg is rounded and conical. The surface shows longitudinal ribs that intersect with weak transverse ribs.

The caterpillar is very slender, the skin wrinkled. It is mostly gray in color, the back is brownish. There is a light back line. The 1st to 5th segment each have a V-shaped back spot or only five points in V-shape on both sides of the back line. The head is colored light gray.

The reddish dark brown pupa measures 7.8 to 9 mm in length and 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter. The cremaster is about as long as it is wide (at the base). The rounded end is covered with two long, slightly diverging, pointed bristles, as well as two thin, shorter, hook-like curved bristles on each side.

Similar species

The small jewelry clamp is very similar to the species Scopula orientalis ; there is also a certain similarity to the small sand thyme ( Scopula decorata ). While the first species is only widespread in Turkey and the southern Caucasus, southern Russia and Ukraine and in a regionally limited area in the Balkans, the small sand thyme is also found in Central Europe. In this species, gray spots are formed in the wing apex. Above all, the outer transverse line is usually drawn with more contrast, occasionally the two brownish, elongated spots are connected to one another. In contrast, these spots are absent on the hind wings. The discal spots are usually clearly developed on the forewings. The black elongated spots on the costal edge, where the inner transverse line, middle shadow and outer transverse line meet the costal edge, are more intensely developed and always present, while they are often only weakly drawn in the jewelry small spanner, and the spots of the inner cross line and the central shadow are also missing can.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The distribution area of ​​the small jewelry clamp extends from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula in the west, through Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Siberia to Eastern Asia ( Russian Far East , Northeast China , Japan and Korea ). In the north it extends into the Baltic States and southern Fennoscandia . In England it occurs only on the south coast. The southern border of the distribution stretches from western North Africa ( Morocco , Algeria to Tunisia ) via Sicily , the Greek islands (including Crete ), Asia Minor and Cyprus to the Caucasus and northern Iran . In Central Asia, the species has been found in Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Afghanistan .

The species occurs in warm, dry, open and uncultivated habitats, on nutrient-poor, chalky or silicate soils with little vegetation, often on sunny slopes and on hills. The species rises to around 1400 m in the Alps and over 1600 m in the Southern Alps. In North Africa, Asia Minor and Central Asia the species increases to 2000 m.

Way of life

The jewelry small tensioner is bivoltin in large areas , i.e. This means that two generations are formed per year, whose moths fly from the beginning of June to the beginning of July and from the end of July to the end of August, exceptionally also until the middle of September. In climatically favorable regions, such as the Mediterranean area, but also in the climatically favored Upper Rhine Plain, even three generations are formed. The moths appear here in April and fly until the beginning of October, in the Mediterranean region even into November. In the mountains and in the northern part of the distribution area, however, only one generation is formed. The moths fly here in June and July. The moths usually sit in the vegetation during the day, but can be scared off very easily. The main flight activity is at dusk; they then come to artificial light sources and are occasionally observed on the bait. The moths suck the flowers of the ordinary Natternkopf ( Echium vulgare ), broadleaf thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), spotted orchid ( Dactylorhiza maculata ) and the ordinary foot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus ) and Buttercup ( Ranunculus ). In Turkey, the moths have also been observed on Anchusa azurea .

The caterpillars are oligophagous (polyphagous?) And feed mainly on broad-leaved thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), sand thyme ( Thymus serpyllum ), oregano ( Origanum vulgare ) and round-leaved mint ( Mentha suaveolens ). Egg-laying has also been observed on Quendel's speedwell ( Veronica serpyllifolia ), common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ), common gorse ( Chamaespartium sagittale ) and grass, but no caterpillars have been found on these plants. In breeding, the caterpillars could also be kept with common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ) and water mint ( Mentha aquatica ). According to older work, the caterpillars are also said to eat dandelions ( Leontodon sp.), Dock ( Rumex sp.) And dandelions ( Taraxacum sp.). The caterpillar overwinters half-grown and pupates in the spring of the following year in a loose web between parts of the plant near the ground.

Systematics and taxonomy

The taxon was first scientifically described in 1763 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as Phalaena ornata . There are a number of synonyms. In the more recent literature it appears uniformly in the combination Scopula ornata . Some authors divide the genus Scopula into three sub-genera. In this structure ornata Scopoli is placed in the nominate subgenus Scopula (Scopula) . The species is currently divided into three subspecies:

  • Scopula ornata ornata Scopoli, 1763, in most of the distribution area
  • Scopula ornata enzela Prout, 1935, Northern Iran, with greatly reduced drawing
  • Scopula ornata subornata Prout, 1913, Korea and Japan, more clearly developed inner transverse line and central shadow

Danger

The jewelry small tensioner is on the list of endangered species in some German federal states. It is considered critically endangered in the city-state of Hamburg and Saxony (category 1). In Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt, the species is considered endangered (Category 3).

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Red List at Science4you
  2. ↑ a b c d e Hausmann (2004: pp. 274–277)
  3. ↑ Skou (1986: p. 46)
  4. ↑ Bergmann (1955: pp. 113–115)
  5. ↑ a b Forster & Wohlfahrt (1973: p. 46/7)
  6. ↑ Jan Pactočka: The pupae of the tensioners (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Central Europe: subfamily Sterrhinae. Bonn zoological contributions, 51 (4): 269-296, Bonn 2002 ISSN  0006-7172 PDF ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2.9 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zfmk.de
  7. ↑ Pasi Sihvonen: Check-list of Chinese Scopula Cabinet Species and an Analysis of Species Diversity (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 8 (1): 29∼36, 2005 PDF ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alric.org
  8. ↑ a b Ebert (2001: pp. 121–125)
  9. ^ Giovanni Antonio Scopoli: Entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates; method Linnaeana. 420 p., Vindobonae / Wien, Trattner, 1763. Online at archive.org (description p. 219/220)
  10. ^ Louis Beethoven Prout: Volume IV Spannerartig Nachtfalter. In: Adalbert Seitz: The large butterflies of the earth. A systematic processing of the previously known large butterflies. 1st department. The large butterflies of the Palaearctic fauna area. 160 S., Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen, 1913 Online at archive.org

literature

  • Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
  • Günter Ebert (Hrsg.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3497-7
  • Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
  • Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 87-88757-37-4
  • Peder Skou: The geometroid moths of North Europe (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae and Geometridae). 348 S., Leiden, Brill 1986 Online at GoogleBooks

annotation

  1. ↑ The common name “Weißer Dostfluren-Schmuck-Kleinspanner” created by Bergmann (1955) was also ignored in the following literature.

Web links

Commons : Schmuck-Kleinspanner  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files