Schnirkelschnecken

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Schnirkelschnecken
Roman snail (Helix pomatia)

Roman snail ( Helix pomatia )

Systematics
Subclass : Orthogastropoda
Superordinate : Heterobranchia
Order : Lung snails (pulmonata)
Subordination : Land snails (Stylommatophora)
Superfamily : Helicoidea
Family : Schnirkelschnecken
Scientific name
Helicidae
Rafinesque , 1815

The Schnirkelschnecken (Helicidae) are a family from the subordination of the land snails (Stylommatophora). The family is very species-rich and widespread in Europe. The center of diversity is in southern Europe.

features

The cases are moderately large to large. Shape, ornamentation and color vary widely. Often there is also a high intra-species variability. The umbilical is open or closed. The mouth is also multifaceted, and there is often a folded mouth rim. However, there are seldom teeth that protrude into the mouth. Originally there is a diverticulum and a single love arrow sack in the genital system. The latter is connected to two tubular mucous glands that attach to the base of the arrow sack. The love arrow has two to four edges.

Occurrence, way of life and distribution

The species of the family originally lived all over Europe as well as in North Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus region and the Arabian Peninsula as well as on some Central Atlantic Islands ( Madeira Archipelago , Ilhas Selvagens , Canary Islands , Cape Verde Islands ). In the meantime, a number of species have been introduced almost worldwide. The Schnirkelschnecken inhabit the most diverse habitats, from extremely humid and cool locations to arid and hot locations. They occur from the coast to great heights in the mountains. The species of the family mainly feed on mostly dead plants, not including pronounced carnivorous forms.

Systematics

The snails are currently divided into two subfamilies Helicinae and Ariantinae in the literature to a large extent. Schileyko (2006) further subdivides the Ariantinae into five tribes . This extensive breakdown is not followed due to the still uncertain systematic position of many genera, especially since three of the tribe are monotypical . Due to molecular genetic studies, the systematics of the snail is still changing constantly, also the scope of the genera (see also the systematics in Fauna Europaea). The system used here follows the MolluscaBase:

Phylogeny

The position of the Helicidae within the Helicoidea has not yet been conclusively clarified. According to the cladogram by Steinke, Albrecht & Pfenninger (2004), the Helicidae are the sister taxons of the Helicodontidae .



  Hygromiidae  




 Helicellinae 


   

 Cochlicella / Sphincterochila 





   

 Hygromiinae 



   
  Helicidae  

 Helicinae 


   

 Ariantinae 



   

 Helicodontidae 




   

 Bradybaenidae 



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

According to Koene & Schulenburg (2005), on the other hand, the Helicidae are the sister group of the Helminthoglyptidae, the Bradybaenidae the sister group of a Monophylum consisting of Helicidae and Helminthoglyptidae. The Hygromiidae form the outer group of Bradybaenidae, Helicidae and Helminthoglyptidae.






 Helicidae 


   

 Helminthoglyptidae 



   

 Bradybaenidae 



   

 Hygromiidae 




Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

literature

  • Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi: Part 2. Working classification of the Gastropoda . Malacologia, 47: 239-283, Ann Arbor 2005 ISSN  0076-2997
  • Jürgen H. Jungbluth and Dietrich von Knorre: Common names of land and freshwater mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN  1864-5127
  • Joris M. Koene and Hinrich Schulenburg: Shooting darts: co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5:25, 13 pages, 2005 doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-5-25
  • Hartmut Nordsieck: Higher classification of the Helicoidea and the molecular analyzes of their phylogeny . 2006 online
  • Anatolij A. Schileyko: Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs, Part 13 Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2 (10): 1765-1906, Moscow 2006 ISSN  0136-0027
  • Dirk Steinke, Christian Albrecht and Markus Pfenninger: Molecular phylogeny and character evolution in the Western Palaearctic Helicidae s. l. (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32: 724-734, San Diego 2004 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.03.004 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fauna Europaea
  2. ↑ MolluscaBase: Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
  3. ↑ cf. the "Cornu problem" by Robert Nordsieck [1]

annotation

  1. ↑ The name Schnirkelschnecken is also used by some authors for the superfamily Helicoidea. In this naming scheme, the Helicidae are often referred to as real or real Schnirkelschnecken. The latter names, in turn, are often used for the subfamily Helicinae. Jungbluth & von Knorre limit the name Schnirkelschnecken to the family Helicidae.