dummy

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dummy

The pacifiers (also pacifiers ) serves the sucking need of infants and young children to meet. The modern pacifier essentially consists of a mouth part, which is made of latex or silicone , and a shield, which prevents the mouth part from being swallowed. Colloquially, the pacifier is also called Nuckel , Nunni , Duddu or Diddi , Alemannic and Swiss German Nuggi , in Austrian also Duttel (Sucker) , Fopper , Luller , Nosi , or Zuz (zi) , in Oberlausitz Huttl or Hutti , in Saxony Nubbel or Nubbl , in the Rhenish-Bergisch area called Bubu and in Old Bavaria Duzl or Dizi .

Origin and function

Child suckling is a natural process. The sucking reflex is innate and aims to enable the child to suckle the breast milk . Sucking shapes the jaw and is therefore important in an early phase for the development of the teeth . If infants have a need to suck after being breastfed, a pacifier is more suitable than the thumb. Should children start sucking their thumbs, they should be offered a properly shaped pacifier instead. Changes in the jaw that come from the big thumb as a sucking alternative are more serious than changes to the jaw caused by a suction device. The upper jaw is pushed forward by the thumb and at the same time the lower jaw is pushed back. This can create what is known as an open bite . This means that a later orthodontic treatment is predetermined.

Well-shaped pacifiers also interfere with the natural development of teeth. The teeth that want to break through press the pacifier together a little, but the soother's “balloon”, which is filled with air, creates space by pushing the teeth back again. This can lead to an overbite as the teeth try to break past the pacifier. The jaw itself is also changed and pushed into the wrong position.

The sucking reflex should not be extended beyond the time allowed by nature. When the first milk teeth break through, the chewing reflex replaces the sucking reflex. When switching to more solid foods, the pacifier should be weaned slowly. This should be done around the first birthday. If necessary, it can be replaced by a teething ring, which also facilitates tooth eruption.

history

The pacifier of Wilhelm Busch
Teether, early 20th century

Historians largely agree that the history of the pacifier begins with the development of artificial infant feeding. A relief from around 900 BC. BC from the palace of King Sardanapal of Nineveh shows a woman using a bulbous vessel and a chopstick to put food (milk, honey, liquid butter) into a child's mouth. Furthermore, feeding with honey and the like by means of clay animals is known, these are clay pots in the shape of animals, which had a large opening at the back for filling in the food and openings for sucking in the area of ​​the eyes.

In Europe, soothers have been known at least since the Middle Ages, as pictorial representations show. For example, on an altarpiece in the St. Stephani church in Aschersleben from the 15th century , the baby Jesus is holding a linen cloth tied into a bag with a filling that served as a pacifier. These sucking bags were used as fabric pacifiers from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. They were filled with a sweetened mass of bread, rusks , flour, porridge - mostly from apples or carrots - or even poppy seeds. Sometimes they were also dipped in brandy . Such sucking bags served mainly as a preoccupation for the toddlers and as a distraction. a. in times of famine. They also had a thirst-quenching effect. This type of pacifier also plays a leading role in the picture story Der Schnuller by Wilhelm Busch . Other names such as Sauglappen, Zulp, Zutzl, Zapfen, Nuppel, Schlutzer, Stöpfel, Schlozer, Fopper, Nosi, Zuckertif, Lülli, Pracherzitz (in former East Prussia ) and many others testify to the widespread use and a. in the German-speaking area.

The pacifier's massaging effect counteracts itching during teething and is particularly helpful in times of famine. Rubbing the gums should provide relief while teething. Even animal teeth, bones, crystals or ivory were used for this purpose. The hard object should rub through the gums with constant pressure and soothe the unpleasant itching. Christian August Struve called the use of the soother "one of the most disgusting habits [...] with which one wants to nourish and calm the child." He criticized the poor hygiene, mouth rot with loss of teeth and the fermentation of food in the mouth.

The modern rubber pacifier was developed in the second half of the 19th century. It represented an advance in hygiene. The use as a sedative was discussed at the 76th meeting of German doctors and naturalists in Breslau in 1904. While some doctors spoke out against any use, others "wanted to allow the use of a modern, clean pacifier under certain conditions."

Shapes and sizes

A distinction is made between two shapes of the mouth part (teat): the round cherry shape and the beveled at the front, adapted to the oral cavity . The palate shape was developed in 1949 by the dentist Adolf Müller. The physician Wilhelm Balters secured the development through scientific studies.

The Mapa company in Zeven , founded in 1948 by the French Marret and Patuel, is one of the largest manufacturers of pacifiers. With the takeover of the Hanseatic rubber goods factory, she received the patents for the soothing and drinking teats developed by Müller and Balters that are suitable for the palate, as well as the trademark NUK (abbreviation for “natural and orthodontic”). In order to cope with the growth of the oral cavity, most manufacturers today offer mouth parts in different sizes. In addition, special pacifiers can also be used as suction trainers in the therapy of suction problems, malfunctions in oral motor skills and in speech therapy .

The Austrian designer Ernst Beranek was busy developing pacifiers for decades.

In the meantime there have been various further developments of the pacifier, which are intended to minimize the leverage effect so that the tooth eruption is affected as little as possible. In a small study, three groups of children ( no pacifier , a “normal” pacifier and a new pacifier that had been developed based on these considerations) were compared for tooth or jaw malformation. The group cut no pacifier out on top (no child had a tooth or jaw development). The two groups with pacifiers showed undesirable developments ( open bite ), but the newly developed pacifiers appeared to be superior to the conventional ones.

Risks

Toddler with a pacifier

According to a recommendation, babies could be allowed to fall asleep with a pacifier after the first month of life, if they wanted to; however, a pacifier should not be placed in the mouth of babies who are already sleeping. This could significantly reduce the risk of dying from sudden infant death. A rarer occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome when using a pacifier was scientifically confirmed by US researchers in December 2005. However, the authors restricted the statement of their study insofar that it should not necessarily be concluded that there was a causal relationship between the use of pacifiers and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Some studies have come to the conclusion that wearing pacifiers for too long can cause a deformation of the jaw geometry , so that misalignments of the dentition (open bite) as well as tongue misalignments and the resulting speech defects are possible. Continuous mouth breathing also increases the risk of caries and colds.

Soothers can contain the chemical bisphenol A (BPA), which is suspected of being harmful to health and genes. In Germany, the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection banned the substance in connection with baby bottles on March 1, 2011 ; the sale of bottles already made with this substance was permitted until the end of May 2011. Since then, there have been pacifiers without BPA (e.g. pickMED pacifiers). In Austria, the production of soothers with bisphenol A was banned by an ordinance issued by the Federal Ministry of Health on October 6, 2011.

For related regulations in other countries see

Incorrect application

Licking

Pacifier dropped on the floor

Some parents tend to clean the pacifier by licking or sucking it off, for example after the pacifier has dropped on the floor. This makes it possible for the child to become infected with caries-causing oral bacteria (cariogenic streptococci ). The most common transmission occurs via the pacifier and the milk bottle teat between mother and child (initial costs, temperature check of the milk).

honey

To increase the calming effect of the pacifier, the pacifier is dipped in honey or other sweet foods. On the one hand, the desire for sweets is programmed already in baby age and on the other hand, cariogenic substances are supplied that cause early carious destruction of the milk teeth. In addition, the honey in children in the first year of life can lead to life-threatening infections with clostridia, especially Clostridium botulinum .

Feeding bottle

The feeding bottle should not be used as a permanent teat instead of a pacifier. This can lead to nursing bottle syndrome .

Methods of weaning

Pacifier tree

It is recommended to wean the child from the pacifier over a period of around three weeks if possible after the first year of life, but no later than after the age of two. Since weaning is problematic in some cases, there is even relevant specialist literature. Among other things, a subsequent reward is suggested. Due to the emotional bond, it is not advisable to dispose of the pacifier in front of the child, and the spatial separation should be permanent and consistent. To make it easier to say goodbye to the pacifier, parents use different weaning methods:

Farewell party

Pacifier proof

Some families celebrate a farewell party where the child wraps the pacifier in wrapping paper to give it to a fictional baby. A parent brings the pacifier out of the house and comes back with a present that is from the baby, who is using it to thank the pacifier. The child learns that his pacifier is serving a good purpose elsewhere.

Pacifier tree

Detail of the pacifier tree in the children's clinic of the Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital in Dresden

In Denmark it has long been a tradition that children can hang their pacifiers on a pacifier tree and visit it again at any time, so that they can combine the farewell with a positive experience. In Germany, this Danish custom is gradually being adopted by some cities and municipalities that have public pacifier trees in their parks and organize so-called pacifier festivals with a children's program on certain dates.

Pacifier fairy

If you follow the parents' reports, the majority of the pacifier fairies have established themselves in Germany, who, as a fictional character or pretend person, exchanges the child's pacifier for a gift. The Soother comes as the tooth fairy from the Anglo-American world.

Oral plate

The oral vestibule is a loose, pacifier-like plate. It is produced in different types and sizes in order to be able to use it for different indications. It can help to break the habit of sucking on the thumb or pacifier or to reduce damage to the teeth that has already occurred.

literature

Web links

Commons : Pacifier  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Schnuller  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hanna Elisabeth Zuralski: Clinical study to evaluate the orthodontic significance of a novel pacifier in 27 month old children. (PDF; 3.0 MB) Dissertation, submitted to the Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
  2. ^ A b Edward Clark Streeter (Yale University Library), Hermann Brüning (processing): History of the methodology of artificial infant feeding: based on medical, cultural and art history studies. Published by Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1908 ( online ).
  3. ↑ D. Klebe, H. Schadewaldt: Vessels for child nutrition in the course of time. Schirmer and Mahlau, Frankfurt am Main 1955; quoted in Dörte Schwepper: Clinical study to evaluate the acceptance of a new type of pacifier. ( Memento of the original from December 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dissertation at the Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kidsfabrics.de
  4. ↑ Julia Ricker: A pacifier for the baby Jesus. In: Monuments. Magazine for monument culture in Germany. 20th vol., No. 11/12, p. 47f.
  5. ^ Karl August Wilhelm Berends, Karl Sundelin: Lectures on practical medical science: Zehr- und Destruktionskrankheiten. Enslin, 1829, p. 442.
  6. ↑ Wilhelm Busch: The pacifier
  7. ^ B. Mahler: Contributions to the history of the pacifier. Medical school. Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 1967.
  8. ↑ Christian August Struve: About the upbringing and treatment of children in the first years of life. Verlag of the Hahn Brothers, Hanover 1798.
  9. ↑ D. Klebe, H. Schadewaldt: Vessels for child nutrition in the course of time. Schirmer & Mahlau, Frankfurt a. M. 1995.
  10. ↑ Die Presse Anna Burghardt: Der Nuckelanalyst. Die Presse , print edition May 9, 2010
  11. ^ Studies by Rolf Brockhaus
  12. ↑ Pediatric Dentistry (Jan / Feb 2011, (32) 52-55)
  13. ↑ De-Kun Li, Marian Willinger, Diana B Petitti, Roxana Odouli, Liyan Liu, Howard J Hoffman: Use of a dummy (pacifier) ​​during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population-based case-control study . British Medical Journal, doi: 10.1136 / bmj.38671.640475.55 , December 9, 2005.
  14. ↑ LAG Hessen, R. Brockhaus, Der Schnuller ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 100 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jugendzahnpflege.hzn.de
  15. ↑ Ban on the sale of baby bottles with bisphenol A on Focus.de
  16. ↑ Federal Law Gazette II No. 327/2011
  17. ^ Portal away from the pacifier → Weaning variants, accessed on May 10, 2010
  18. ↑ The standard, sucking until the pacifier fairy comes