Shrine book

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Shrine map, St. Laurenz, Cologne , after 1130

Shrine books were the forerunners of today's land registers in medieval Cologne .

history

The name shrine book is due to the storage in a shrine . In the Middle Ages, chests, in which valuables were kept, were called shrines . As the forerunners of today's land registers, shrine registers have their origins in the jurisdiction and administration of parishes. In the chests of the Cologne parishes were certificates , sheets of parchment or books kept that property transactions concerned. The first shrine book of this kind was kept by the old town of St. Laurenz around 1130, from where a 54 cm × 75 cm large parchment sheet with a colorful arcade of columns has come down to us. The parish Klein St. Martin I followed in 1136 with initially sporadic records. According to Manfred Groten , St. Laurenz sporadically recorded legal transactions in the “Geburhaus” (community center). The Cologne shrine system in the real sense only began with the shrine map of the citizens of Klein St. Martin I in 1136, when Archbishop Bruno II von Berg was in Italy. Shrine maps were initially only available as loose-leaf collections . The decentralized shrine system in the individual parishes also led to a central shrine around 1160, the so-called aldermen's shrine ("carta civicum"). Mainly real estate transactions outside Cologne were recorded here. In 1170 they record a “bruere” (brewer) Ezelin, who is the oldest known source of Cologne brewer, around 1180 we meet the “dator cervisie” Burkhard, who as a beer tavern is the ancestor of the Köbesse .

Extract cover sheet of a shrine map

In order to facilitate the evidence, the content of the real estate transactions as well as the parties and the attorneys who gave evidence were listed. The officials were allowed to submit a confirmation of the content of entries from 1200 . From 1212, the entries were no longer made in the form of a loose-leaf collection, but in bound shrine books. Since the first half of the 14th century, the task of officials was transferred to the shrine master. In 1230 this parchment leaf collection was replaced by shrine books with chronological entries; by 1400 there were 150,000 entries here alone. From 1400 the entries were considered constitutive, so that their entry was mandatory in order for legal transactions to be legally effective. The screeching (entry of property in the shrine registers) was no longer voluntary. The attempt by the municipal aldermen to centralize the shrine system failed. A shrine order regulated the decentralized organization of the Cologne shrine system from 1473, which was now under the supervision of the city council and had grown to 23 shrines. Between 1235 and 1347 there was a separate book of shrines written in Hebrew script of the Cologne Jewish community ("scabinorum judaeorum"). The German shrine books, which are kept in Latin, have used German throughout since October 1, 1395. The directory of shrine maps, shrine books, drawing books and "related materials" compiled by Hermann Keussen in 1904 completely inventories the history of Cologne properties.

In addition to Cologne, shrine books have also been used in Metz (Amandellerie) and Andernach since the end of the 12th century, and Lübeck followed in 1284.

Shrine Districts

In the suburbs there was the shrine book Porta Pantaleonis ( Pantaleonstor or Weißfrauenpforte at the western end of the Blaubach ) in the Airsbach shrine ; it was kept between 1212 and 1798 (six books). There were six shrine books within the city walls:

  • Witzgasse (today's Witschgasse), kept from 1235 to 1792 (three books),
  • Lata Platea (Breite Straße, original name for Severinstraße ), kept from 1230 to 1791 (three books),
  • Textorum (Weberviertel), kept from 1233 to 1787 (a book),
  • Veteris Portae (Old Gate, which delimited the Holzmarkt from Bayenstraße), managed from 1233 to 1798 (four books) and
  • Spitzbütgasse (district of Spitzen- and Weißbüttengasse), kept from 1220 to 1794 (four books).
  • Liber generalis ( Hacht ) was kept between 1358 and 1451 and was overlooked and added by the city archives when the directory was printed.

The classification of these shrine books is done according to districts, whereby the actual organization of these books coincided with the parishes.

Organization and content

There were initially ten parish shrines in Cologne that kept shrine books. The parish of Klein St. Martin  I seems to have been the most productive , with around 2100 such records alone in the period between 1135 and 1193. The parishes and later the Cologne City Council appointed elected officials to administer the shrine books. The documents remained in the care of the special parishes that coincided with the parishes. The parishes were responsible for their decentralized management, while the city council, with its suzerainty, ensured standardization and centrally monitored their administration. They included the transfers of real estate and legal transactions related to real estate. The transactions were registered in them by street name and the house name (such as "Haus Mirweiler" or "across from the house 'zum Roten Leopard'") was localized, as house numbers did not yet exist at that time. They not only recorded residential houses, but also bakery, brewing and slaughterhouses, forges and mills. From 1200 onwards, the officials issued confirmations of entries in the shrine register, the forerunners of today's copies . Abbreviated reproduction from the Weyerstraße district shrine book about the sale of the "Wolfer Hof" in Huhnsgasse on June 17, 1644 by Daniel von Hatzfeldt to Johanna von Mechelen:

“Weyerstraß, June 17th, 1644, Mr. Daniel von Hatzfeldt, who was born with wool, gave his eyes to a house, Hoff and Weingarts ... located in Hundsgassen ... gnant zum Wolff ... next to Hoff Heinrich Hardefaust ... and abandoned the noble and virtuous Frawen Johanna von Mechelen , gnant von Collen, shape from now on to have and to keep right, to turn and turn whatever hand she wants. "

- Johann Geyenn (writer)

From a legal point of view, they notarized the purchase , inheritance , division of land , donation and pledging of land, as well as the transfer of conditional real rights . Make court records of Voluntary Jurisdiction focusing property and conveyance transactions. During the 12th century the entries on the Schreinskarte not have your own evidence had and served only to burden of proof, the Schreinsbucheintrag was treated on a par with the oral testimony since the turn of the century increasingly and even considered to be superior to it since the middle of the 13th century. From the 14th century onwards, the entry in the shrine register became a legislative, constitutive act. The registered legal transaction was binding after a year without objection.

On March 28, 1538, the Hacht shrine register reported that the Quentell houses, Palace and Hirtzhorn, "had been transferred as property" to Peter Quentell and his sister Greitgen , so that after a year without objection, the transfer of ownership was incontestable.

Historical meaning

The historical origins of today's land registers are the official custody of documents and the shrine registers in medieval cities (especially Cologne). As primary sources, the shrine books enable the changing history of Cologne properties to be traced back over centuries. They reveal essential information to the historian about real estate transactions , street names, exact dates of a transaction , persons involved and their place of residence. Shrine books are excellent topographical and prosopographical sources. With its shrines, Cologne is the birthplace of the German land register. Cologne's shrine books are considered to be the most important treasures of the historical city archive .

The 86 shrine maps and 514 shrine books that have been preserved represent the largest collection of a German series of land registers in 514 volumes, some of which are very extensive. Only Cologne has such an extensive record of property traffic north of the Alps.

Jewish home purchases

It is historically certain that at the time of the shrine books there was a ban on financial transactions between Christians and Jews. Since paying the purchase price was considered a monetary transaction, the Jews were also prohibited from buying houses. But already from the first known shrine book from 1130 it can be read that a Jew in the Laurenzkirchspiel acquired a house from the archbishop's treasurer for 36 silver marks in what was then the most elegant residential area of ​​Cologne, St. Laurenz. He had to handle this through a trustee named Salman. The shrine books revealed that Jews in Cologne mainly settled in the area of ​​the Laurenzpfarrei, at the center of which were the town hall ( Judengasse ) and the old market . In the letter of protection of the Speyer bishop Rüdiger Huzmann of September 13, 1084, the erection of a wall around the Jewish quarter to protect against attacks by the “mob” is expressly mentioned.

Forms of home acquisition

The shrine books revealed not only the purchase but also new forms of home acquisition, namely the “rent purchase” from France. The buyer procured by its purchase price a mortgage hedged "Hauptgut" one of the pension debtor usually annual regular cash payment to be paid in the form of an "Eternal pension". From around 1225 the higher-interest annuity was added, which expired with the death of the annuity creditor.

Abolition of the shrine books

The drawing house built in 1513 was supposed to keep shrine books in a vault, but was probably never used for this. In 1608 it had to give way to the construction of the Cologne City Hall . The shrine books existed until the end of the imperial estate in February 1798. The French administration founded the Arrondissement de Cologne within the Département de la Roer and replaced the shrine books with a French cadastre.

The shrine books are also affected by the collapse of the city archive on March 3, 2009. Four weeks after the archive collapse, according to archive director Bettina Schmidt-Czaia , during the rescue work, the shrine maps and books have "largely emerged completely, even if not all of them are in good condition."

literature

  • Robert Hoeniger , Moritz Stern : The Jewish shrine book of the Laurenzpfarre in Cologne . L. Simion, Berlin 1888.
  • Robert Hoeniger : Cologne shrine documents of the twelfth century: Sources on the legal and economic history of the city of Cologne . E. Weber, Bonn 1884-1894.
  • Hans Planitz, Thea Byken (Ed.): The Cologne shrine books of the 13th and 14th centuries (= publications of the Society for Rhenish History. Vol. 46, ISSN  0930-8822 ). Böhlau, Weimar 1937.
  • Klaus Militzer: Shrine entries and notarial instruments in Cologne. In: Notariado público y documento privado. De los orígenes al siglo XIV. Actas del VII Congreso Internacional de Diplomática. Valencia, 1986 (= Papers i Documents. Vol. 7). Volume 2. Conselleria de Cultura, Educación i Ciència, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia 1989, ISBN 84-7579-854-3 , pp. 1195-1224.
  • Cybele Crossetti de Almeida: Os shrine books como fonte genealógica e de História social: limites e perspectivas. In: Maria do Amparo Tavares Maleval (organizadora): Atas. III Encontro Internacional de Estudos Medievais da ABREM. Editora Ágora da Ilha, Rio de Janeiro 2001, ISBN 85-86854-63-8 , pp. 191-197.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Eberhard Isenmann: The German city in the Middle Ages 1150–1500. 2014, p. 439 ( books.google.de ).
  2. ↑ Peter Fuchs (ed.): Chronicle of the history of the city of Cologne. Volume 1, 1990, p. 122.
  3. ↑ Manfred Groten: The beginnings of the Cologne shrine system. In: Yearbook of the Cologne History Association. Volume 56, 1985, p. 4 ff.
  4. ^ Historical archive: Zeugen Kölner Brau-Kultur, 1396–1996. 1996, p. 144.
  5. ^ University of Bonn: Rheinisches Archiv. Volumes 72-74, 1970, p. 27.
  6. ^ Announcements from the Cologne City Archives, Issue 32.
  7. ↑ Joachim Deeters: The holdings of the Cologne City Archives until 1814. 1994, p. 81.
  8. ↑ Bruno Gebhardt , Rolf Häfele: Handbook of German History. 2004, p. 122 ( books.google.de ).
  9. ^ Joachim Deeters, Johannes Helmrath: Sources for the history of the city of Cologne. 1996, p. 165.
  10. ↑ Stefan Esders (Ed.): Legal Understanding and Conflict Management: Judicial and Extrajudicial Strategies in the Middle Ages . 1st edition. Böhlau, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-20046-6 , pp. 159 (416 pp.).
  11. ^ Paul Heitz: The Cologne book brands until the beginning of the XVII century. 1898, p. 64.
  12. ^ Jan Wilhelm: Property Law. 2002, p. 211 marginal number 509.
  13. ^ Detlev Arenz: Cologne. 2010, p. 86 ( books.google.de ).
  14. ↑ Edith Ennen: The European city of the Middle Ages. 1987, p. 177 ( books.google.de ).
  15. ↑ History seminar of the University of Cologne: History in Cologne. Volumes 55–56, 2008, p. 39.
  16. ^ Joachim Deeters, Johannes Helmrath: Sources for the history of the city of Cologne. Published by the History Association in Cologne, Volume 1, 1996, p. 165.
  17. ↑ Ulf Dirlmeier, Gerhard Fouquet, Bernhard Fuhrmann: Europa im Spätmittelelter 1215-1378. 2003, p. 49.
  18. ^ Jürgen Wilhelm: The great Cologne Lexicon. 2008, p. 396 f.
  19. ↑ Ernst Göbel: The urban area of ​​Cologne: An outline of its development history from Roman times to the end of the Second World War. 1948, p. 13.
  20. ↑ Interview with archive director Schmidt-Czaia on the status of the salvage work , WDR , March 31, 2009.
  21. ↑ Online library ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Associação Brasileira de Estudos Medievais (ABREM). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.abrem.org.br