School original

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School output 1968.png

The school exit font (since 1991 "SAS") is a connected script . It was introduced in 1968 by the GDR Ministry for Popular Education as part of a new curriculum as the first text for all school beginners in the ten-class general polytechnic secondary school .

The simplified template for learning to write replaced the GDR's original font from 1958. The reason for the change were both didactic requirements and aesthetic reasons. Since 1961, Elisabeth Kaestner and Renate Tost had created the appropriate prerequisites for this measure by developing and testing various alphabet variants in school trials.

In the states of Berlin , Hamburg , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Saarland , the SAS is the binding first script . In Bavaria , Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Thuringia, you can choose between the SAS and the simplified output font (VA).

prehistory

Cursive handwriting of the GDR from 1958

The impetus for changes to the original font was provided by Albert Kapr ( University of Graphic and Book Art Leipzig ). In 1957 he had made the acquaintance of representatives of the Society for Italic Handwriting . Under his influence, Renate Tost first developed an age-independent calligraphic exercise book in 1960. At the same time, she was critical of the cursive template from 1958 and, with the support of Albert Kapr, intervened at the Ministry of National Education with the aim of simplifying the script.

At the same time as the efforts of the College of Graphics and Book Art, the GDR's leading didactic writer, Elisabeth Kaestner, working at the Institute for Teacher Training "Edwin Hoernle" in Radebeul (training center for teachers in grades 1 to 4), examined the development of fluency in learning to write. Both projects were brought together from 1961 through research contracts. The collaboration between the pedagogue and the type graphic artist was characterized by a close technical and didactic penetration of the subject. Several alphabet variants were developed and tested.

Development of the school publication 1968

Capital letter

Example of squiggly capital letters 1958.png
1958: ornate capital letters
Simplification of capital letters.png
1968: simplified capital letters

The capital letters ( majuscules ) in the old cursive script (the GDR's original script had been binding since 1958) had swings and loops (relics of English script from the 18th / 19th centuries). Not only did they make it difficult for the characters to acquire motor skills, they also hindered the almost correct automation of the writing movements as the learning process progressed. In addition, their detailed shapes limit the possibilities for aesthetically acceptable customization.

In the original school font in 1968, the capital letters were essentially reduced to their distinguishing features. In some cases, concessions have been made to single-pass exercise.

lowercase letters

Derivation of cursive elements.png
1958: wide sheets (a) and long top lines (b)
Dynamization of movement execution.png
1968: dynamic design of the lower case letters

The basic structure of the lower case letters ( minuscule ) of the old font was designed so that the children should first “print”, i.e. H. copied the letters of the primer script (in the GDR the Gill Sans ). These elements were adopted in the template for the following cursive script.

The statically constructed minuscule of the old script had wide arches and long cover lines. In this way, movement patterns were practiced that stood in the way of the development of a rhythmic and thus ergonomic writing movement. In the course of the automation and individualization of movements, this often led to deformations, some of which were preserved in their infantile character in adult writings.

Right from the start, the design of the school experiments was geared towards being able to start learning to write immediately with connected cursive.

In the original school font in 1968, the lowercase letters were made more dynamic. The reversal of movement in the arch (a) has been tapered, the cover lines (b) shortened. This allowed the up-down-up rhythm to be better taken into account in the fluid execution of movements.

Letter connections

Letter connections or connections between the letters

The connection options for letters (external ligature ) have not been changed, only tightened. This particularly concerned the end of the form in figures b, o, v, w and  x . With the simplified capital letters A, F and H , the connection was made from the middle height.

Accompanying didactic aids

In connection with the development of the original school font, a differentiated and comprehensive concept of conveying the connected handwriting without the detour via so-called printing was worked out. For the first time, a systematic writing course for schoolchildren with three exercise books for grades 1 to 2, teaching aids for teachers and a handout was developed.

Variants of the original school font

School output font and its variants: Gleichstrich-Kursiv and Antiqua-Kursiv (school font italic)

After implementing the most significant changes in the writing template from 1968, the authors committed themselves to a systematic and continuous writing education in school. In 1969, the Gleichstrich-Kursiv , a form of the further development of the original school font, was included as a "lettering form" in the class 2 writing lesson curriculum.

The continuation of the original school font to Antiqua-Kursiv as school font-italic in art lessons in grades 4 and 5 took place in 1972/73. Since the cursive script had no tradition in the subject of art education and the material technical conditions (unfavorable penholder, broad nibs and ink) stood in the way of a successful exercise, it was removed from the curriculum in 1987.

The original school publication after 1989

After reunification, the original school font, now known as SAS, was available for writing lessons in German schools alongside the two cursive fonts of the old federal states, LA ( Latin starting script ) and VA ( simplified starting script ). In 1996, the working group was primary school in its recommendations for the redesign of primary school "The future begins in elementary school" about the SAS: "It is in the tradition of European literary culture (, Humanistic cursive ') and enjoy - as opposed to the simplified output writing - even the Recognition by the International Typographic Association . ”In 2014, the original school typeface was approved in Bavaria.

See also

literature

  • Walter Bergner: Well-founded promotion of the written culture. To the efforts of the Leipzig Institute for Book Art for school writing and calligraphy. Special print from: Leipziger Jahrbuch zur Buchgeschichte , 7, 1997, ISBN 3-447-03938-8 , pp. 223–244.
  • Jürgen Hasert: School writings. In: Didaktik der deutschen Sprache , Vol. 1. Schöningh, Paderborn 2006, ISBN 978-3-8252-8235-6 , pp. 314 and 316.
  • Elisabeth Kaestner: Lessons in the writing discipline. In: Werner Hagemann (Ed.): Lessons in the lower classes - goals, content, methods. Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1975, pp. 209–235.
  • Elisabeth Kaestner, Renate Tost : Writing lessons . Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1977, pp. 19–48. 9th edition 1986, pedocs.de (5,498 kB).
  • Albert Kapr : Fonts. History, Anatomy and Beauty of the Latin Letters . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1971, ISBN 3-364-00624-5 , p. 318 f.
  • Albert Kapr: Aesthetics of the Art of Writing. Theses and marginalia. Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1977, pp. 86-87 u. P. 100.
  • Albert Kapr: About the improvement of the school exit script in the GDR. In: Albert Kapr: Writing and book art. Essays, speeches, artistic works. Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1982, pp. 141–147.
  • Elisabeth Neuhaus-Siemon: Aspects and Problems of Writing Lessons . In: Hartmut Günther, Otto Ludwig (Ed.): Writing and writing. An interdisciplinary handbook of international research . 2nd half volume, Berlin / New York 1996, ISBN 978-3-11-019413-5 , pp. 1245-1246.
  • Jakob Ossner : German language didactics. An introduction for students. 2nd revised edition. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-506-75630-5 , pp. 140f. (UTB. Pedagogy, Linguistics 2807, Standard Knowledge Teaching Degree).
  • Wilhelm Topsch: Basic skills in written language acquisition. Methods and action-oriented practical suggestions. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Beltz, Weinheim u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-407-25368-0 , pp. 113f .: 6th opening scripts (= study texts for the teaching profession 5, Beltz pedagogy).
  • Renate Tost: The writing in school. A contribution to the perspective of writing education in the general polytechnic high school. Institute for Book Design, Leipzig 1968.
  • Renate Tost, Elisabeth Kaestner: The initial school font in practice . In: Sprachpflege: magazine for good German . No. 7, 1969, pp. 143-145, pedocs.de (2,682 kB).
  • Renate Tost: The appeal of the norm. Style features of the original school font . In: Die Grundschulzeitschrift , vol. 57, 1992, pp. 8-10, pedocs.de (2,643 kB).
  • Renate Tost: Design principles of the school original. Developing aesthetic competence in writing . In: The primary school magazine 27 (2013). (In the digital offer from pedocs, document server of the pedagogical specialist portal [2] ).

Web links

Wiktionary: School original script  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Renate Tost, Elisabeth Kaestner: The school exit publication 1968 in practice . P. 144, pedocs.de (2,682 kB).
  2. ↑ grundschulverband.de ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 680 kB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.grundschulverband.de
  3. ↑ italic-handwriting.org/exemplars Society for Italic Handwriting.
  4. ↑ Julia Blume, Fred Smeijers: A century of writing and writing lessons in Leipzig . University of Graphics and Book Art, Leipzig 2010, ISBN 978-3-932865-57-2 , pp. 43 and 185–187.
  5. ↑ Renate Tost: From the original school font to calligraphy and scriptural gestures . ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / deposit.ddb.de
  6. ↑ Walter Bergner, p. 227.
  7. ↑ DNB 105934984
  8. ↑ Renate Tost: On the development of the simplified initial school publication of the GDR 1968. Dresden 2008, panel 3, qucosa.de (PDF; 5.8 MB).
  9. ↑ Renate Tost: On the charm of the norm. Style features of the original school font. Pp. 8-10, pedocs.de (2,643 kB).
  10. ↑ Renate Tost: On the development of the simplified school exit publication of the GDR 1968 qucosa.de (PDF; 5.8 MB). Dresden 2008, plate 7.
  11. ^ Elisabeth Kaestner: Lessons in the writing discipline. In: Teaching aids German / Mathematics 1st class for the 1968 curriculum . Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1974, pp. 161–170.
  12. ^ Elisabeth Kaestner, Renate Tost-Ruddigkeit: Problems and methods of writing education. Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1966.
  13. ↑ Renate Tost: Grade 4 - For the introduction of the text in italics . Pp. 9-11, pedocs.de (3,450 kB).
  14. ↑ Renate Tost: The school font italic. In: Robert Kuhn (ed.): Font design, writings for art education . Vol. 22, Berlin 1971, pp. 46-60.
  15. ↑ Mechthild Dehn: impetus for change. The original school font. In: The primary school magazine , special issue (1991), Friedrich Verlag, Seelze, p. 3.
  16. ↑ Albrecht Frede: United original script. For the discussion about the original script after reunification. In: Die Grundschulzeitschrift , 48 (1991), Seelze, pp. 32–35 and 58 f.
  17. ↑ Gabriele Faust-Siehl, Ariane Garlichs u. a .: Original font . In: The future begins in elementary school . Primary School Working Group. Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1996, ISBN 978-3-499-60156-9 , pp. 83-85.
  18. ↑ LehrplanPLUS elementary school, curriculum for the Bavarian elementary school [1] , pp. 48, 158 u. 321.