Anoxycalyx joubini

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Anoxycalyx joubini
Systematics
Class : Glass sponges (Hexactinellida)
Subclass : Hexasterophora
Order : Lyssacinosida
Family : Rossellidae
Genre : Anoxycalyx
Type : Anoxycalyx joubini
Scientific name
Anoxycalyx joubini
( Topsent , 1916)

Anoxycalyx joubini (originally named Scolymastra joubini ) is a giant sponge on the floor of the Antarctic ocean areas , whichis said to have reachedthe highest age of all known animal organisms atover 10,000 years.

description

Because of its cone-shaped appearance, it is also known as volcano sponge in English , but the horned silica sponge Acarnus erithacus is also carried under this common name. The color of these sponges varies from pale yellow to white. The sponges live permanently anchored to the ground. Your inner skeleton consists of six-rayed amorphous silicon dioxide needles ( spicula , from Latin spiculum , small point), which make up up to 90% of the dry matter. Adult sponges can have a diameter of one meter, a height of two meters and a wall thickness in the lower area of ​​up to ten centimeters, they are the largest Antarctic sponges.

Nutrition and growth

Although Antarctic waters are known for their abundance of plankton , this is only true for the short Antarctic summer and not even every year, while most of the time there is too little plankton for the constant nourishment of sponges. Anoxycalyx joubini , like some other cold water sponges , therefore lives in symbiosis with endosymbiotic bacteria (e.g. Pseudoalteromonas sp. TB41 of the Alteromonadales ) and feeds mainly on detritus .

Anoxycalyx joubini has the lowest metabolism and the lowest oxygen consumption of all animal species . Within 50 years of observation of some sponges on various artificial substrates, no growth was observed over a period of 22 years, but specimens on some of these substrates grew to considerable sizes within a few years. These growing seasons correlated with an increased supply of phytoplankton , which had been concentrated locally by the drift of icebergs.

In 1996, Thomas Brey and Susanne Gatti from the Polarstern expedition calculated the age of these animals to be 10,000 years based on the measurement of the oxygen consumption, after the American scientist Paul Dayton had hardly noticed any growth within ten years.

Distribution and ecology

Its distribution area is the Antarctic benthos to the South Shetland Islands at a depth of 15 to 441 m.

Symbiotic bacteria of the Pseudoalteromonas produce antibiotics to protect against bacterial colonization (especially Burkholderia cepacia , a bacterium which is naturally resistant to many antibiotics and which is also a problem pathogen that is feared for humans ).

Also symbiotic diatoms (at least 15 species have been determined, including particularly common Melosira sp.) Live in the sponges. Aggregates stand out as green-brownish spots. They use the sponge as a shelter and the rays of light falling through the spicula and presumably release metabolites. Using a scanning electron microscope , degeneration of the sponges could be traced back to the effects of diatoms.

Like many other cold water sponges, it protects itself from animal predators by storing fat-soluble, toxic metabolic products, especially in its outer body regions, as well as through stored skeletal needles. 5α (H) -cholestan-3-one and two glyco ceramides were determined to be lipophilic toxins . The main predators for Anoxycalyx joubini are invertebrates of the benthos, including the shrimp Cheirimedon femoratus (Pfeffer, 1888) and the starfish Acodontaster conspicuus and Odonaster valides . The hind- gill snail Doris kerguelenensis is also a potential predator.

Due to their numerous cavities, sponges represent a significant enrichment of the environment on the floor of the Antarctic Oceans, and the biodiversity in their vicinity is high.

Research history

Anoxycalyx joubini was discovered during a French Antarctic expedition from 1908 to 1910 led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot . In 1916 it was first described by the French sponge specialist Émile Topsent under the name Scolymastra joubini . It was named after Louis Joubin , a professor at the Zoological Museum in Paris.

literature

  • Hooper, John NA, RWM van Soest, Philippe Willenz: Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges . Springer, 2002, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2 .
  • Dayton, PK 1979. Observations on growth, dispersal and population dynamics of some sponges in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica . In: J. Vacelet and N. Boury-Esnault (eds.), Biologie des Spongaires, Colloque. Int. CNRD 291: 271-282.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Núñez-Pons, Laura et al .: Chemo-ecological studies on hexactinellid sponges from the Southern Ocean. Die Naturwissenschaften , Volume 99, No. 5, 2012, pp. 353-368 doi : 10.1007 / s00114-012-0907-3
  2. ↑ a b c d Cerrano, Carlo et al .: Diatom invasion in the atarctic hexactinellid sponge Scolymastra joubini. Polar Biol, Vol. 23, 2000, pp. 441-444.
  3. ↑ a b c d Dayton, Paul K. et al .: Recruitment, growth and mortality of an Antarctic hexactinellid sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini. PloS one, Volume 8, No. 2, 2013, e56939 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0056939
  4. ^ A b c McClintock, James B. et al .: Ecology of Antarctic marine sponges: an overview. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 45, No. 2, 2005, pp. 359-368 doi : 10.1093 / icb / 45.2.359
  5. ↑ Mangano, Santina et al .: Antagonistic interactions between psychrotrophic cultivable bacteria isolated from Antarctic sponges: a preliminary analysis. Research in Microbiology, Volume 160, No. 1, 2009, pp. 27-37 doi : 10.1016 / j.resmic.2008.09.013
  6. ↑ a b Romoli, R. et al .: GC-MS volatolomic approach to study the antimicrobial activity of the antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. TB41. Metabolomics, 2013, pp. 1-10 doi : 10.1007 / s11306-013-0549-2
  7. ↑ Fillinger, Laura et al .: Rapid glass sponge expansion after climate-induced Antarctic ice shelf collapse. Current Biology, Vol. 23, No. 14, 2013, pp. 1330-1334.
  8. ↑ The oldest animal in the world is 10,000 years old ( memento from October 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Gatti, Susanne: PDF file The role of sponges in the high Antarctic carbon and silicate cycle - a modeling approach. ( Memento from July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Bremerhaven. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. 2002, 124 pp.
  10. ↑ a b Topsent , Emile: Scolymastra Diagnoses d'éponges recueillies dans l'Antarctique par le Pourquoi-Pas? In: Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle . Volume 22, No. 3, pp. 163–172 (first description in French)
  11. Jump up ↑ Papaleo, Maria Cristiana et al .: Sponge-associated microbial Antarctic communities exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2012, pp. 272-293.
  12. ^ McGowan J: Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum . In: Am J Infect Control . 34, No. 5 Suppl 1, 2006, pp. S29-37; discussion S64-73. PMID 16813979 .
  13. ↑ Núñez-Pons, Laura et al .: Feeding deterrency in Antarctic marine organisms: bioassays with the omnivore amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Volume 462, 2012, pp. 163-174 doi : 10.3354 / meps09840