Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo
Sekarmadji maridjan kartosoewirjo (according to recent case also Sekarmaji Marijan Kartosuwiryo * 7. January 1905 in Cepu , Central Java ; † executed 12. September 1962 ) was a Javanese politician who in the Dutch East Indies a leading role in the Sarekat Islam played -party and fought after the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia as the leader of the Darul Islam movement for the establishment of an Islamic State that should encompass all of Indonesia.
Early years
Kartosuwirjo went through the Dutch education system as a child and adolescent. In 1911, at the age of six, he came to the Inlandsche School in Pamotan near Rembang (Central Java), where his parents lived, a school that was only intended for locals. After the fourth grade, he switched to the Hollandsch-Inlandsche School in Rembang. After his parents moved to Bojonegoro in East Java in 1919, he attended the "European Elementary School" there ( Europeesche Lagere School ).
After finishing school, Kartosuwirjo went to Surabaya , which was then a center of the nationalist movement, and attended the preparatory course of the Dutch-Indian Medical School ( NIAS) from 1923 to 1926 . In 1925 he became a member of Jong Islamieten Bond , a Muslim youth association with branches in numerous locations in Java. In 1926 he began regular medical studies, but was expelled from school a year later because of his political activities.
Activity in the Partai Sarekat Islam
After his exclusion from the NIAS, Kartosuwirjo went back to Bojonegoro for a few months and worked as a private tutor to support his mother financially since his father had died in 1925. In September 1927 he returned to Surabaya and accepted the offer of the charismatic chairman of the Sarekat Islam party (PSI), Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto, to become his private secretary. He held this position until 1929.
After a serious illness, Kartosuwirjo moved in 1929 to live with his wife's family in Malangbong, a small town near Tasikmalaya in the eastern part of West Java in the Sundanese . Together with his Sundanese father-in-law, he was committed to the development of PSI in this region and was appointed its representative ( komisaris ) in West Java.
After the party had renamed itself Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (PSII) in 1930 , Kartosuwirjo was elected general secretary of its executive committee ( ladjnah tanfidhiyah ) in 1931 at the age of just 26 . In the party there were disputes between the leadership bodies of the party over the attitude towards the Dutch colonial government. While Abikusno Tjokrosujoso, Tjokroaminoto's brother, who headed the Executive Committee, advocated a policy of "non-cooperation", which the party called Hijra , based on the emigration of the Prophet Mohammed from his hometown of Mecca , Agus Salim advocated who headed the party council ( Dewan Partai ), the cooperation with the colonial power. In connection with this dispute, Abikusno resigned from his position in late 1935, and Kartosuwirjo did the same.
At the 22nd PSII Congress in Batavia in July 1936 , however, Abikusno was elected the new party chairman after a newly introduced electoral process, and he appointed Kartosuwirjo as his deputy. Kartosuwirjo himself was commissioned at the congress to write a book on the "Hijra Attitude" ( Setiap Hidjrah ) of the PSII. In the book, which he published in two volumes in November 1936, Kartosuwirjo described Hijra as a multi-phase process of party development: the first phase from 1912 to 1923 was the phase of words, the second phase from 1923 to 1930 the phase of deeds, and the third phase, which the party entered in 1930, must be a phase of faith in which party members devote themselves to a pious life. In December 1938, Kartasuwirjo was commissioned by the party to establish a facility for training PSII military cadres.
Exclusion of a party and founding of one's own party
When Abikusno made a political U-turn in 1939 and decided to lead the PSII into the "Political Federation of Indonesia" ( Gabungan Politik Indonesia GAPI), an association of parties that demanded the establishment of an Indonesian parliament, Kartosuwirjo rejected this decision. He was then expelled from the party's executive committee on January 30, 1939. In response to this, he founded the "Committee of Defenders of Truth of the PSII" ( Pembela Kebenaran PSII KPK-PSII Committee) in Malangbong with like-minded people, including Jusuf Taudjiri and Kamran, which initially sought to work within the party. However, since the PSII Congress in January 1940 confirmed Kartosuwirjos exclusion from the Executive Committee, the KPK-PSII constituted itself on March 24, 1940 as an independent party. Several branches of the PSII joined this party in the same month.
At the same time Kartasuwirjo also founded a publishing house, which he called Poestaka Dar-oel Islam ("Darul Islam literature") and in which he published the party's writings. In the program of his party, which he published in this publishing house, he developed the idea of the Dār al-Islām ("House of Islam") to be established, in which every Muslim and every Muslim woman the laws of the religion of God (Islam) so far should be able to practice as possible. In addition, Kartosuwirjo opened during this time in Malangbong under the name Suffah the facility originally planned for the PSII for the training of military cadres. The educational program of the institution corresponded in many respects to a traditional pesantren.
However, the newly founded party had to stop its work a few weeks later, after the German invasion of the Netherlands, martial law was imposed in the Dutch East Indies and all political activity was forbidden.
During the Japanese occupation
Even during the Japanese occupation , Kartosuwirjo was initially unable to continue his political work, as the Japanese banned political work until September 1942. When the Japanese established the Majelis Syuro Muslim Indonesia in November 1943 as a representative body for Muslims , Kartosuwirjo became a member, but at no time had an important position within this organization. In February 1944 he was then employed in the information and intelligence department of the Djawa Hokokai , the "People's Loyalty Association," another political control instrument created by the Japanese.
Activity in the Masyumi party
When the Masyumi was reorganized as a political party on November 7, 1945, Kartosuwirjo became a member of the Executive Committee. In the spring of 1947 he was appointed party commissioner for West Java. The socialist Amir Sjarifuddin, who became Prime Minister on July 3, 1947, even offered him the post of Deputy Defense Minister, which Kartosuwirjo refused. In 1946 Kartosuwirjo published his book Haluan Politik Islam ("The goal of Islamic politics"), in which he already presented the idea of the Islamic State of Indonesia to be founded with great clarity.
After the Dutch began to reoccupy Java on July 21, 1947 as part of the "first police action", Kartosuwirjo called for jihad against them on August 14 . He himself was in West Java at the time. Here he started from Malangbong with the party militias Hizbullah and Sabilullah to organize the resistance against the invaders.
Fight for the Islamic State
At the end of 1947, Kartosuwiryo began to break away from the Masyumi party. A meeting of the Masyumi local group Garut, which he led in November 1947, at which all the Masyumi affiliated Islamic organizations in the region took part, decided to rename the local group to Dewan Pertahanan Oemmat Islam (DPOI) "Defense Council of the Islamic Community".
After the government had ceded West Java to the Dutch in the Renville Agreement on January 17, 1948 , the Masyumi party in West Java was completely dissolved and at a meeting chaired by Kartosuwirjos in February, attended by 160 delegates from various Islamic organizations and militias in the region replaced by the "Council of the Islamic Community" ( Madjlis Ummat Islam ) as the representative body with Kartosuwirjo as the "Imam". Another decision of the assembly was the establishment of the "Indonesian Islam Army" ( Tentara Islam Indonesia TII), in which all former Islamic militias were now absorbed. In the spring of 1948 this army consisted of about 4,000 men.
From Imma's position, Kartosuwirjo tried to implement his plan to establish an Islamic State ( Negara Islam ). While the economic situation in the Republic of Indonesia deteriorated significantly in the summer of 1948, he made it clear by mailing his correspondence on behalf of the "Government of the Islamic State of Indonesia" ( Pemerintah Negara Islam Indonesia ) that he was the only legitimate representative of the Indonesian people looked at. In August 1948 he also had his own constitution drawn up for his Islamic state. When the Dutch occupied Central Java in December 1948 as part of the so-called "second police action" and captured numerous members of the republic's government, including Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , he renewed his call for jihad against the Dutch.
Conflict with the Republican government
On January 25, 1949, a military conflict broke out in West Java between Kartosuwirjo's Islamic Army and the famous Siliwangi Division of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( Tentara Nasional Indonesia TNI). This conflict led Kartosuwirjo to regard the TNI units as "enemy" as well.
After the republican government was reinstated under international pressure and resumed its work in Yogyakarta in July 1949 , the Masyumi politician Mohammad Natsir commissioned Kartosuwirjo to get him to end his resistance to the armed forces of the republic . The letter that Natsir sent to Kartosuwirjo on August 5th, however, arrived too late. Kartosuwirjo had formally proclaimed the "Islamic State of Indonesia" ( Negara Islam Indonesia ) in the village of Desa Cisampah on August 7, 1949 . In his reply to Natsir, Kartosuwirjo stated that he no longer wanted to reverse his proclamation. Literally he wrote: Saya tidak mau menelan air ludah saya kembali ("I don't want to swallow my own spit"). A second attempt by the government in May 1950 to come to a peaceful settlement with Kartosuwirjo also failed because fighting between the government troops and the TII broke out while their envoy Wali Alfatah made contact with Kartosuwirjo.
The military confrontation with the republican army did not prevent Kartosuwirjo from sending secret notes to President Sukarno on October 22, 1950 and February 17, 1951 , in which he offered him an alliance against communism and demanded that the republic should be make Islam the foundation of the state as soon as possible. In the second letter he also offered Sukarno talks about the borders between his state and the Republic of Indonesia.
In January 1952, Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Kahar Muzakkar, who had been waging a guerrilla war against the national government since July 1950, joined the Darul Islam movement in South Sulawesi . He wrote a letter to Kartosuwirjo on January 20, 1952, in which he offered him to serve as his commander in Sulawesi.
The End
In the late 1950s, the number of Kartosuwirjo's supporters began to decline: some deserted, others were captured. It was of great importance that Kartosuwirjo was wounded by a projectile on April 24, 1962, because until then many of his followers had believed that he was invulnerable and had magical abilities. This belief was based in part on a miracle account, which Kartosuwirjo later confirmed himself, according to which he was cured of an illness in October 1960 by a divine light, the wahyu cakraningrat .
On June 4, 1962, Kartosuwirjo was discovered by an army patrol in a hat between Bogor and Cianjur in a completely emaciated state and taken prisoner. Two days later, he urged his remaining supporters to surrender to the armed forces of the Indonesian government. On August 16, he was sentenced to death for his attempted coup and an alleged murder attack on President Sukarno. A pardon was denied and the death penalty was carried out in an unknown location in Indonesia.
literature
- BJ Boland: The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1971. Reprint 1982. pp. 54-62.
- Holk Dengel: Darul Islam. Kartosuwirjos fight for an Islamic state Indonesia. Stuttgart 1986.
- Cees van Dijk: Rebellion Under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia . The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981. pp. 20-41.
- Chiara Formichi: Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in Twentieth-Century Indonesia . Brill, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 9789067183864 .
- S. Soebardi: "Kartosuwiryo and the Darul Islam Rebellion" in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 14 (1983) 109-133.
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Dengel 6.
- ↑ See van Dijk 23.
- ↑ See Soebardi 109.
- ↑ See Dengel 7.
- ↑ See Boland 55.
- ↑ See van Dijk 28.
- ↑ See van Dijk 29, Soebardi 110.
- ↑ See Dengel 16.
- ↑ See Dengel 16f.
- ↑ See Soebardi 112.
- ↑ Cf. van Dijk 38.
- ↑ See van Dijk 35.
- ↑ See Boland 55f.
- ↑ Cf. van Dijk 35f.
- ↑ Cf. van Dijk 36f.
- ↑ See Dengel 21.
- ↑ See Dengel 22.
- ↑ See Dengel 23.
- ↑ Cf. van Dijk 37.
- ↑ See Soemardi 114.
- ↑ See Dengel 33.
- ↑ See Soemardi 117.
- ↑ See Soemardi 126.
- ↑ See Boland 57.
- ↑ See Dengel 51.
- ↑ See Dengel 53.
- ↑ See Dengel 55f.
- ↑ See Soebardi 120.
- ↑ See Dengel 62.
- ↑ See Dengel 67-69.
- ↑ See Dengel 71.
- ↑ See Dengel 74.
- ↑ Quoted from Dengel 81.
- ↑ See Dengel 130.
- ↑ The Indonesian original text of the two letters is printed by Boland 244–255.
- ↑ See Boland 65.
- ↑ See Boland 62.
- ↑ See Soemardi 125.
- ↑ See Soemardi 130.
- ↑ See Boland 62.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Kartosuwirjo, Sekarmadji Maridjan |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Kartosuwiryo, Sekarmaji Marijan |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Javanese politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | January 7, 1905 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Cepu , Central Java |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 12, 1962 |