Servite Monastery Altlandsberg

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The Servite Monastery Altlandsberg was a branch of the Servites (Ordo Servorum Mariae, popularly also known as Marienknechte , order abbreviation: OSM) in Altlandsberg ( Märkisch-Oderland district , Brandenburg). The monastery was founded in 1335 by the Brandenburg Margrave Ludwig the Elder . In 1540 the monastery was abolished and initially passed into sovereign property.

location

The monastery buildings were in the southern part of the town of Altlandsberg in the area of ​​the buildings at Klosterstrasse 8/9. The area extended from Klosterstrasse / Hirtengasse to the southern city wall.

Altlandsberg on the Urmes table sheet from 1839

History of the Servites

The Ordo Servorum Mariae (Order of the Servites) was founded in Florence in 1233 by seven merchants. In 1241 the first monastery of the new order was built. For Tuscany they received recognition from the papal legate in 1249. Pope Benedict XI. gave the order its confirmation in its bull Dum levamus of 1304. Since 1299 an order province has also been confirmed for Germany. The Servites were a mendicant order who mainly settled in smaller towns.

The Servite Monastery in Altlandsberg

In the founding deed of June 30, 1335, the Brandenburg Margrave Ludwig the Elder transferred a property belonging to the sovereign in the town of Altlandsberg to the Servites for the foundation of a monastery. The property was in a typical location for mendicant orders: an unattractive residential area near the city wall. It was the only settlement of the Servites in the Mark Brandenburg. The monastery was headed by a prior. Presumably the Servites were chosen because of family connections, as the sister of Margrave Ludwig, Agnes, had already made a major donation to the Servite monastery in Halle in 1325 .

In 1340, Margrave Ludwig transferred the patronage of the parish churches in Heckelberg and Leuenberg to the new monastery for £ 10 in Brandenburg pfennigs . That was roughly ten times the expected annual income from these patronages. It is concluded from this that the construction of the monastery had already come to a certain conclusion by this time. The main source of income for the Servites was collecting alms (scheduling). Another document also shows that the monastery had achieved a certain level of prosperity. In 1370 the priors of the Servite monasteries in Erfurt , Himmelgarten , Mariengart and Vacha confirmed that they had received 450 guilders from the priors and convents of the Servite monasteries in Saxony, the Margraviate of Brandenburg (i.e. from the Altlandsberg monastery) and Bohemia to equip the convent in Vacha.

When the Hussites invaded the Mark Brandenburg in 1432, Altlandsberg tried to buy himself loose from the destruction with a ransom. Although the city was apparently spared, the city church and monastery were nevertheless destroyed. Apparently the monastery was rebuilt quickly. In 1468 the Altlandsberger Ambrosius Klump was the prior of the convent. In 1486 he was prior in the Servite monastery in Bernburg .

In 1486 the Altlandsberg monastery was visited by the Prior General of the Servites, Antonius Alabanti. At that time the monastery had six brothers, all of whom were ordained priests. In addition to the prior Stephanus from the convent in Halle, three other brothers came from the Servite monastery in Bernburg . The monastery in Altlandsberg paid an annual donation of 5 guilders to the order. Among the 14 Servite convents in the order province of Alamania at the time , this was only the tenth highest amount. The Altlandsberg Konvent had four terminating districts (Bettelbezirke) and an incorporated parish, Heckelberg.

The monastery only made a few acquisitions and received only a few donations. In 1486 the monastery owned four arable hooves, of which it received 48 staria (one bushel = 8 staria) of rye and another two fields and hay meadows from two hooves , which yielded 50 staria annually . The parish church in the city had an annual income of 46 Staria rye. The monastery received 24 Staria rye annually from the Neue Mühle (or Berlinische Mühle) southwest of the city center (around Berliner Allee 1) . In addition, there were not numbered alms from Altlandsberg citizens. A terminating district brought in 7 guilders annually. 60 Staria grains from the other terminating districts were added to the annual income. 30 Staria grains came in from the incorporated parish of Heckelberg. The annual offerings totaled 34 guilders. The inventory of the church included eight chalices of different weights, a silver cross worth seven marks and enough vestments.

In 1474, in the bull Mare Magnum , Pope Sixtus IV granted the mendicant orders far-reaching powers in relation to masses, confessions, funerals and alms. In 1492, the monastery had the powers granted in the bull confirmed by Bishop Joachim I of Brandenburg. Visitors to the monastery who came to Altlandsberg on religious holidays (July 5th: Visitation of the Virgin Mary, July 26th: Feast of the Seven Holy Fathers of the Servite Order, September 20: Feast of the Seven Sorrows of Mary) received a 40-day indulgence .

But by 1540 the monastery had already had to sell most of its properties. At that time, the monastery only owned a Gabelhuffe , the Knieberg, small meadows and gardens. Then there were the church patronages in Heckelberg, Leuenberg and Neuenhagen ; the latter was acquired between 1486 and 1540. Further income came from the misery altar in the parish church of Altlandsberg; a measurement service was probably connected with it. The maintenance of the inmates of the monastery was apparently primarily covered by scheduling (begging for alms). The two horses, two cows, a brewing pan and other brewing equipment mentioned in the inventory indicate a low level of self-management.

Priorities

  • 1468 Ambrosius Klump, prior, he was prior in the Servite monastery in Bernburg in 1486 .
  • 1486 Stephanus, prior, qui est de conventu Hallis
  • 1540 Matthäus Hesse, prior

Abolition of the monastery

In the summer of 1540 the monastery was visited by a sovereign commission. The commission found only Prior Mattheus Heß (also Hase, Hehse), who was (presumably) from Altlandsberg, and the lay brother Kaspar Erdmann. The prior gave the monastery to the visitors, so the monastery was effectively annulled. The prior received a country garden from the monastery property worth 18 shock groschen. He also received the parishes of Neuenhagen and Seeberg, which in 1480 were equipped with four parish hooves and three parish hooves, respectively. The lay brother Kaspar Erdmann moved to the wedding hospital in Cölln; the hospital received an annual pension of 3 shock groschen from the council of the town of Altlandsberg for its care and accommodation. The real estate and movables of the monastery were inventoried by the magistrate of the city of Landsberg. The jewels were given to the visitors; They brought these to the electoral silver treasury. The property was initially leased to the city of Altlandsberg.

In 1545, Elector Joachim sold the buildings and properties of the former monastery in and in front of the city for 200 guilders to the Magistrate of Altlandsberg. However, the purchase of the monastery buildings and land by the town of Altlandsberg does not seem to have been fully realized, because in May 1546 Elector Joachim II enfeoffed Hans von Krummensee the Elder. Ä. on Krummensee with the monastery and also granted him the right to buy back all of the monastery's former possessions against reimbursement of the purchase price. This latter lending led to a decade-long legal dispute between the town of Altlandsberg and that of Krummensee. At first Hans von Krummensee renounced the monastery property in 1552. In 1565 the town of Altlandsberg sold the monastery to Arndt von Krummensee, who, however, refused the purchase amount. The subsequent process ended in a settlement, Arndt von Krummensee kept the property and the monastery building, the city of Altlandsberg kept the monastery properties outside the monastery complex. Arndt von Krummensee stated in 1565 that he wanted to build a town house on the property in which he could live when he comes to Altlandsberg. Presumably before 1570 he had parts of the monastery buildings torn down and rebuilt. To what extent is not known. In the city fires of 1632, 1665 and 1684, the former monastery complex was probably also affected. To what extent is not known. Hilmar Ernst von Krummensee received the closter with the adjacent places in 1650 in an inheritance from the von Krummensee . In 1654 Altlandsberg came to Otto von Schwerin I , who established the rule of Alt-Landsberg in and around Altlandsberg . After the city fire of 1665, Otto von Schwerin had a hospital built on the former monastery grounds. Here, too, it is unclear to what extent older components were still included. The hospital burned down in the city fire of 1684 and was relocated to the north of the city. In 1696 the square was still called the old deserted closter site . A little later, the site was acquired by a citizen of Altlandsberg who turned the former church and cloister into a garden, leaving the foundations in place. In 1854 the eastern part of the site was built on, but the western part remained a garden, as the measuring table from 1871 shows.

Detail from the measuring table sheet 3448 from 1871

building

Nothing of the monastery buildings has survived above ground. As early as 1545 they were described as desolate and deserted . However, parts of the building could still be inhabited around 1550. In the monastery rooms, a square structure around the monastery courtyard with a cloister, in the refectory, the nobles lived with their servants who were assigned to the monks' cells. The family celebrations of the von Krummensee took place in the church. In the 18th century a burial tomb with 277 well-preserved skeletons was discovered. During construction work in 1858, the foundations, which were now covered with earth, and 32 graves were uncovered. In 1872, while excavating a cellar, some simple earth graves and some skeletons were found in burial chambers. During these unsystematic excavations it was found that the church was probably at right angles to Klosterstrasse, i.e. it was oriented roughly east-west. Boulders were used as building material in the foundation area, large-format bricks were found in the cloister area. Individual limestones from Rüdersdorf were also encountered.

Equipment of the church

The report of the prior general of 1486 and the visit report and the inventory made by the magistrate from 1540 provide information about the furnishings. Accordingly, there were four altars in the monastery church, each with a candlestick. In 1486 the church had eight chalices, a silver cross worth eight marks and other ornamenta sacerdotalia . In 1540 there were still six chalices, a cross, five godparents and two monstrances. The inventory also included an organ.

literature

  • Matthias Friske: Altlandsberg and his Servite monastery. Wichmann yearbook of the Diözesangeschichtsverein Berlin, New Series 5, 38/39: 59–76, 1999.
  • Matthias Friske, Blandine Wittkopp : Altlandsberg Serviten. In: Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Klaus Neitmann, Winfried Schich (eds.): Brandenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, pens and commander by the mid-16th century. Volume 1, pp. 89–95, be.bra Wissenschaft verlag, Berlin 2007 ISBN 978-3-937233-26-0 (Brandenburg Historical Studies, Volume 14)
  • Alexander Giertz: Alt-Landsberg's career, the Servite order and his former monastery in Alt-Landsberg. Brandenburgia Archives, 13: 273-412, 1911
  • Peregrino Soulier: De Antiquis Servorum Coenobiis in Germania. Monumenta Ordinis Servorum Sanctae Mariae, 1: 113–149, Brussels, 1893 (abbreviated below, Monumenta Ordinis Servorum Sanctae Mariae, vol. 1 with corresponding page number)
  • Gregor Maria Zinkl: The Servite monasteries in Germany before the Reformation. Der Katholik, Journal for Catholic Science and Church Life, 4th episode, 10 (8): 86-101, Mainz 1912 PDF (hereinafter abbreviated to Zinkl, Servitenkloster with corresponding page number)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Matthias Friske: The medieval churches on the Barnim - history - architecture - equipment. Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2001, pp. 56–59, ISBN 3-931836-67-3 (Churches in rural areas, Volume 1)
  2. ↑ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: odex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, XII. Volume, 516 pp., Berlin, Reimer 1856 Online at Google Books (p. 490)
  3. ↑ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, 24th volume. 500 S., Berlin, Reimer 1856 Online at Google Books (p. 360)
  4. ↑ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel : Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, XII. Tape. 516 pp., Berlin, Reimer 1856 Online at Google Books (p. 49)
  5. ^ Arthur Bierbach: Document book of the city of Halle, its donors and monasteries Part 3, Vol. 1: (1351-1403). LXXVI, 701 S., Niemeyer, Halle (Saale), 1954, p. 289, document no.930.
  6. ↑ a b Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of spiritual foundations, noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, volume 24. 500 S., Berlin, Reimer 1856 Online at Google Books (p. 447)
  7. ↑ a b Monumenta Ordinis Servorum Sanctae Mariae, Vol. 1, p. 132.
  8. ↑ a b c Monumenta Ordinis Servorum Sanctae Mariae, Vol. 1, pp. 139/40.
  9. ↑ Gustav Abb, Gottfried Wentz: The Diocese of Brandenburg, Volume 1. In: Germania Sacra, First Department, 1st Volume. 416 S., Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin & Leipzig, 1929, p. 410.
  10. ^ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis. Supplement tape. 515 S., Berlin, G. Reimer 1865 Online at Google Books (p. 490)
  11. ↑ Herold, quoted in Friske, p. 58.

Coordinates: 52 ° 33 ′ 44 ″  N , 13 ° 43 ′ 32 ″  E