Spin
As Effet [ɛfeː] ( fr. Effect ) is called the spin of a ball (ball).
If a ball is set in rotation around its own axis together with the forward movement , the ball describes a deviation from the straight path in the direction of its own rotation.
For example, if the ball is played to the left of the center in billiards , it will also turn in this direction. They say "played with spin". The friction on the table is responsible for the change in direction of a pool ball played with spin. Aerodynamic effects play a peripheral role here at best.
In other sports , such as tennis , table tennis or soccer , you can also cut or cut the ball and use it for example. B. make long or slow down. Here the frictional force between the air and the surface of the ball causes a difference in air pressure, which leads to the deflection of the path ( Magnus effect ).
Types of spin in billiards
With regard to the direction of movement of the ball provided with spin, one differentiates:
Countereffect
The counter-effect (or "pull ball") is a spin whose direction of rotation is opposite to the direction of movement of the ball. You push it below the horizontal center but on its vertical center (6:00 a.m.). This gives the ball an angular momentum that works in the opposite direction to its running direction and slows it down continuously. The ball slides or pushes itself over the cloth and rotates in the opposite direction around its horizontal axis. The back effect is used to hit the white ball z. B. after the carom (collision with another ball) to let it roll back from the point of impact ("pull ball") or to get it to stop at the point where it hit the other ball ("stop ball"; gray impact point in the picture ).
Without the counter-effect, the following would happen:
If a mass hits another elastically in the center, the impulse is completely transmitted. This means that the cue ball (white) stops and the colored one (kick ball) moves at the speed that the white player had before. However, the balls also have an angular momentum that is not transmitted. That means the cue ball is still spinning and the colored one isn't spinning yet. The friction on the table will accelerate the ball again and slow the ball down a little. So the bumper ball will roll a little further.
The term counter effect is sometimes also used for side spin, which changes the path of the kick ball after touching the boards. If you play without spin, the theory “angle of incidence = angle of reflection” applies. With a counter-effect to the side, you can "hold" the bumper ball, that is, let it come out of the board at a smaller angle or even bring it back to this side at a very small angle of incidence.
Running effect
The running effect (or "trailing effect") is understood as a spin whose direction of rotation is the same as the direction of the ball. You hit the bumper above the horizontal center at 12:00. The shock ball receives an angular momentum that acts in its direction of travel and accelerates it continuously. It slides over the cloth of the table and rotates in the direction of travel around its horizontal axis until it slows down so far and the twist grips the cloth and lets it continue to run. The run Effet is used to roll behind the cue ball after hitting another ball or running after letting.
Side spin
Lateral spin is created by hitting the kickball to the right (3:00 a.m.) or left (9:00 a.m.) of the vertical axis. In general, when the kick ball hits the board, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. This can be changed significantly with a side spin. Depending on which side you hit the bumper ball with the cue, it comes out “flatter” or “steeper” from the board after it has hit it.
In the case of lateral spin, a distinction is made between right and left spin. If you play the kickball to the right of the center, it is right-hand offset (left rotation), if you play on the left, it is accordingly left-hand offset (right rotation).
Combinations
It is also possible to combine the above distinctions of the spin. If you play the bumper ball z. B. at the bottom left (7:30 a.m.), the white player receives a combination of counter-effect and left-hand effect, etc.
Use of the spin
The goal of using spin is to get the kickball into a good position on the next ball to be hit, known as positional play.
With spin you can influence the course of the kick ball so that it takes a position on the table from which it is easier to pocket the next ball. However, it does take some practice before you can master positional play and the effect of the spin.
Spin in ball sports
If the orientation of the axis of rotation deviates from the direction of flight, the air flowing past causes a deflection when the balls are thrown or hit. The cause of this so-called Magnus effect is the formation of vortex streets behind the missile.
In many sports with balls or balls, such as tennis and table tennis , soccer , baseball , fistball , golf or bowling , the common technique is to play a ball with spin.
A study published in the science magazine New Scientist in 2006 showed that it is not possible for a human to correctly assess the trajectory of a ball with a twist, since objects with such curved trajectories overwhelm human perception . For this reason, z. B. Soccer goalkeepers probably also more likely to kick a free kick with a strong spin than a free kick without spin and therefore with a two-dimensional parabolic trajectory.
Spin in football
The Brazilian soccer player Arthur Friedenreich is considered to be the “discoverer” of the spin shot in soccer . The spin shot is mainly used for shots on goal - especially free kicks - that are taken from a distance of between 20 m and 35 m to the opposing goal. Players who have mastered this shooting technique particularly well today are, for example, David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Juninho Pernambucano , Cristiano Ronaldo and Ronaldinho . A special form of the spin shot is the so-called banana flank , which the former Hamburger SV player Manfred Kaltz gave to his teammate at the time, Horst Hrubesch . Another specialty is the kick shot with the outside of the foot , for which the Portuguese Ricardo Quaresma and above all Franz Beckenbauer are known.
In order to achieve the highest possible effect of the effetball when taking a free kick, it is advantageous to run at an angle, then place your standing leg about 10 cm next to the ball and lean your upper body over the standing leg. When shooting, the foot should not be tilted, the tips of the toes should be drawn up and the ball should be hit as far outside as possible. After the shot, when shooting with the right foot, the upper left foot should be pulled towards the body.
Spin in (table) tennis
In tennis or table tennis, different variants of the spin are common. In the first variant, the ball's trajectory in the air is curved to the side by the spin of the ball. In the second variant of the spin, the trajectory is similar to the drive . However, the ball bounces off the ground after it hits the ground.
Tactical Applications
Variant 1 is mostly used in tennis in the slice . In table tennis, it is also used for topspin . It is used (in tennis as well as in table tennis) to confuse the opponent and to push the opponent to a certain side by placing a spin ball. Variant 2 is most often used in table tennis when serving to put the opponent under pressure. In tennis it is actually only used for the stopball.
Spin in golf
Playing a ball without any spin is almost impossible and therefore rather rare. When driving , the ball is played with topspin or draw , so that it rolls further than without. The irons, especially the short ones, are usually played with backspin , so that the ball remains on the green as close as possible to the point of impact or even rolls back. In the bunker people play with a lot of backspin, so that on the one hand you can get the ball out with a lot of sand and swing, but on the other hand it doesn't roll far on the green. For short approach shots, a little topspin is sometimes used so that the ball lands on the green, but then rolls on to the flag. In difficult game situations or because of obstacles on the ideal line, you can try to play the ball with a left twist ( hook or draw) or a right twist ( fade or slice ). The risk of taking a bad shot is very high; but if it succeeds, the joy is all the greater.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cathy Craig: Why spinning balls are a curve too far for the human eye. In: New Scientist . tape 189 , no. 2541 , February 4, 2006, p. 19 .
- ↑ Cathy Craig, Eric Berton, Guillaume Rao, Laure Fernandez, Reinoud Bootsma: Judging where a ball will go: the case of curved free kicks in football . In: Natural Sciences . tape 93 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 97-101 , doi : 10.1007 / s00114-005-0071-0 ( academia.edu ).
- ^ Detlev Brüggemann: The TV football school . 1st edition. vgs Verlagsgesellschaft Köln, Cologne 1986, ISBN 3-8025-6147-3 , p. 110-111 .
- ↑ http://www.dvdfussballtrainer.de/1255-die-schustechnik-beim-effetball.html
- ↑ Killerspin Table Tennis Technique: Ball and Spin.
- ↑ Tip: Off to the outside - the sidespin as a topspin variant. On: mytischtennis.de. 12 June 2012.