Seven refuges
The seven refuges are a Catholic pictorial motif that was often depicted in the Alpine region ( Bavaria , Tyrol , Salzburg ) during the Baroque period . Its emergence and spread is closely linked to the Jesuits and the Counter Reformation .
The seven refuges include:
- the Most Holy Trinity : God the Father , God Son and Holy Spirit
- the crucified as a sign of salvation
- the most holy sacrament of the altar
- the mother of God Mary
- the angels
- the saints
- the poor souls
The veneration of the seven refuges was founded by the Munich Jesuit Tobias Lohner, who in 1689 published the devotional book Heylwürckende Andacht der Gottliebende Geist der Gott-loving Souls to the Siben Refuge by a Jesuit priest . In the book ordered Lohner to shelters each a week and a feast day in Ordinary to: the Trinity Sunday and Trinity Sunday , the Crucified Friday and Good Friday , the Eucharist Thursday and Corpus Christi , Maria Saturday and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , the Angels on Tuesday and the Guardian Angel Festival, the saints on Wednesday and the festival of All Saints and the poor souls on Monday and All Souls' Day .
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The Munich court painter Antonio Domenico Triva created the first pictorial representation in 1691 for a side chapel of the Munich Frauenkirche . There are three sketches for this in the State Collection of Graphics in Munich . The representation served as a model for all other seven refuge images.
Typically, based on the Trivas model, the depictions show the Trinity at the top of the picture and Christ on the cross below to the left. The focus is on the Eucharist in the form of a monstrance or as a chalice with a host. On the right is Mary, often depicted as a mediatrix , pointing to the crucified or the Eucharist. The saints are arranged under the Mother of God, especially if there are a large number of them are distributed throughout the picture. In the original depiction, the saints are Ignatius , Barbara , Sebastian , Josef , Johannes Evangelist and Maria Magdalena . These were later supplemented or replaced by other popular saints such as Anna , Katharina , John the Baptist , John Nepomuk , local patrons or helpers in need. All fourteen helpers are rarely shown. The three archangels Michael , Gabriel and Raphael are usually found as angels , sometimes supplemented by other angels and putti . The poor souls in purgatory occupy the lower edge of the picture.
The early depictions kept close to this arrangement, later there were major deviations, for example in that the crucified or Mary was placed in the center instead of the Eucharist or the equivalence of the motifs was abandoned and individual refuge was emphasized.
With the Enlightenment and the abolition of the Jesuit order in 1773, devotion to the seven refuges lost its importance.
The seven refuge churches are named after the motif . Representations of the seven refuge are often found in All Souls' and Death Chapels .
literature
- Lexicon of Christian Iconography. Lim. by Engelbert Kirschbaum. Edited by Wolfgang Braunfels. 8 Vols. Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1968–1976, ISBN 3-451-22568-9 , Vol. 4, Sp. 579-582
- Konrad M. Müller: Johann Friedrich Pereth and the "Seven Holy Refuge". In: Barockberichte No. 55/56 (2011), pp. 583-588 ( PDF; 6.7 MB )
